# 英语高级 · 第 11 周 Day 2|商务词块与搭配 > 系列:语种学习 / 英语 / 高级 · 每日学习|AI生成|2026-10-27|codebuddy **今天学什么** 商务英语的破绽很少出在生词上,多半出在搭配上:margin 说成 big,runway 说成 long time,deliverable 说成 delivery thing——每个词你都认识,母语者却立刻听出你在翻译。今天八十分钟只做一件事:把六十个商务词收进「钱、人、范围、风险」四格,每格配固定动词,挑二十个做成能开口就用的词块。背词表不算学习,能脱口说对搭配才算;查证一次,胜过抄写十次。这是本周的地基,明天写条件句、周五写提案,用的都是今天锁定的这些搭配。 ## 一、今日任务 | 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1. 圈词分格 | 10 min | 从 Day 1 的两篇案例与提案模板里圈出 60 个商务词,按钱/人/范围/风险四格归类,格内按出现频次排序 | 四格词汇表(60 词) | | 2. 定搭配 | 25 min | 每词只留一个最高频搭配,查证动词是否地道;挑 20 个做卡,正面英文词,背面搭配+例句 | 60 组搭配 + 20 张卡 | | 3. 造句 | 25 min | 20 个词各造一句,每句不少于 12 词,必须含一个数字或一个明确主体 | 20 句 | | 4. 语域分级 | 10 min | 给 60 词标商务/学术/通用,挑 5 个写出更轻的口语替代 | 语域标记 + 5 组替代 | | 5. 遮中文自测 | 10 min | 遮住中文,只看英文说搭配与一句例句;说错的进错词本,不重复抄写 | 错词本 5—10 条 | 这八十分钟的分配有个取舍:查搭配的时间必须多于背释义的时间。一个词你认识却配错动词,比不认识更危险,因为它会让你在会议里说得很流利却很不专业。 ## 二、核心词汇与搭配 | 词/短语 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句(含译) | 语域 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | margin | /ˈmɑːdʒɪn/(≈马知恩) | n. | 利润率;余地 | thin margin; margin pressure; gross margin | At this volume the margin is thin—about four points above cost. 这个量级下利润很薄,大约高出成本四个点。 | 商务 | | runway | /ˈrʌnweɪ/(≈兰韦·短) | n. | 现金可支撑的时间 | eighteen months of runway; extend runway | At the current burn we have fourteen months of runway. 按现在的消耗,我们的现金还能撑十四个月。 | 商务 | | stakeholder | /ˈsteɪkhəʊldə/(≈斯泰克霍尔德) | n. | 利益相关方 | consult stakeholders; key stakeholders | No decision will hold unless the two operational stakeholders sign off. 除非两位运营方负责人签字,任何决定都站不住。 | 商务 | | deliverable | /dɪˈlɪvərəbl/(≈迪利弗若布尔) | n. | 交付物 | agree deliverables; a hard deliverable | The first deliverable is a cost model, due four weeks after kick-off. 第一项交付物是成本模型,启动后四周交付。 | 商务 | | scope | /skəʊp/(≈斯科普) | n. | 范围 | in scope; out of scope; scope creep | Data migration is in scope; retraining is not. 数据迁移在范围内,再培训不在。 | 商务 | | trade-off | /ˈtreɪd ɒf/ | n. | 权衡,取舍 | a trade-off between; accept a trade-off | The real trade-off is speed against accuracy, not cost against quality. 真正的取舍是速度对准确,不是成本对质量。 | 商务/学术 | | leverage | /ˈliːvərɪdʒ/(≈利弗里知) | n./v. | 杠杆,议价能力;利用 | give us leverage; leverage existing data | Holding the renewal date gives us leverage on price. 握住续约日期,我们在价格上就有筹码。 | 商务 | | due diligence | /ˌdjuː ˈdɪlɪdʒəns/ | n. | 尽职调查 | carry out due diligence; pass due diligence | Due diligence took three weeks and turned up two undisclosed contracts. 尽职调查花了三周,查出两份未披露的合同。 | 商务 | | procurement | /prəˈkjʊəmənt/(≈普若克尤默恩特) | n. | 采购(部门/流程) | procurement rules; run procurement | Their procurement rules require three quotes above €50,000. 他们的采购规则要求五万欧元以上须三家报价。 | 商务 | | contingency | /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/(≈克恩提恩哲恩西) | n. | 应急准备;意外开支 | a contingency of 10%; contingency plan | We have built in a contingency of 8% for currency movement. 我们为汇率波动预留了 8% 的应急额度。 | 商务 | 四格的分法不是分类学,是为了让你在写句子时先想「这句话在谈钱、谈人、谈范围还是谈风险」。谈钱的一组几乎都带数字(margin、runway、contingency),谈范围的词几乎都需要一个 in/out 的边界(scope、deliverable),谈人的词需要具体到角色(stakeholder 后面要跟 who),谈风险的词需要条件(leverage 和 due diligence 都是「有了才谈」的动作)。四格之间并不隔绝:scope 一定牵动 contingency,margin 一薄,runway 就短。写句子时如果能把两格连起来,句子立刻有商务密度,例如 the narrower the scope, the larger the contingency we have to hold。 再补一句关于语料的:二十组搭配不要凭记忆写,去查一次搭配词典或你那两篇案例的原句。查证这个动作本身就在训练你「先想搭配、再想意思」的顺序,而这个顺序正是明天写条件句时最省力的东西。 搭配上最容易错的是三个。margin 不说 big/small,说 thin/wide,动词用 squeeze、protect、erode;runway 的动词是 give、extend、run out of,不说 have long time;deliverable 是可数名词,提案里几乎总用复数,因为交付物从来不止一件。 ## 三、语言点:轻动词决定商务语域 **规则** 1. **商务语域的准确度,七成落在「名词+动词」的固定搭配上,不在形容词的高级程度。** make a decision、hold a meeting、meet a deadline、close a deal、raise concerns——这些动词本身几乎没有语义,语义全在名词里。搭配错了,句子结构再漂亮也像译文。 2. **轻动词是有限的,别用 do 通吃。** 高频的只有 make、take、have、give、hold、meet、raise、close、reach、run、carry out。遇到一个新名词,先问「它跟哪个动词绑在一起」,而不是先问中文意思。 3. **同一个名词换动词,意思和语域一起变。** meet a target(刚好达成,中性)、hit a target(达成,偏口语偏销售)、exceed a target(超额)、stretch a target(把目标定得需努力才够)。四个都能用,但在董事会材料里,hit 会显得轻。 4. **书面偏好名词化,口头偏好动词。** reach a decision 适合邮件与纪要,decide 适合会议发言。一整封邮件全是名词化(the implementation of the optimisation of…)会显得躲责任,因为动作的主语被藏起来了。 5. **可数性是最容易被忽略的错误。** leverage 不可数,且更常作动词;due diligence 不可数,不说 a due diligence;scope 表「范围」不可数,但表「余地」时用 scope for;deliverable 可数,常复数。 **强弱对比** | 说法 | 语域与效果 | 什么时候用 | | --- | --- | --- | | We need to decide by Friday. | 口头、直接,主语清楚 | 内部会议、电话 | | A decision is needed by Friday. | 书面、去人称,责任被抽走 | 纪要、对外函件;也常被用来躲责任 | | We would need a decision by Friday. | 书面但保留主语,条件语气 | 提案、跨部门请求,最稳 | | 说法 | 问题 | | --- | --- | | We discussed about the scope. | discuss 是及物动词,about 多余;要 about 就得换成 have a discussion about | | We will do a meeting next week. | 搭配不成立;hold a meeting 或 meet next week | | This will make a big margin. | margin 不用 big;说 improve the margin 或 the margin widens | **常见误用** 1. **把中文动词逐字译成英文轻动词。** 「做决定」译成 do a decision,「开会议」译成 open a meeting,「给支持」译成 give a support。正确形式是 make a decision、hold a meeting、offer support(support 不可数)。 2. **抽象名词前滥用 big/small/good。** big pressure、good margin、small risk 都是翻译痕迹。换成 put pressure on、a healthy margin、limited risk,语域立刻上一个档。 3. **名词化过度,一句话里三个 of。** The implementation of the optimisation of the procurement process——主语、动作、责任全丢了。改成 We are simplifying how procurement buys—一句话,三个信息。 **什么时候不能用名词化** 名词化适合「结果已知、需要记录」的场合:纪要、报告、合同。不适合三种情况——需要有人负责时(名词化会隐藏施动者,读者会怀疑你在推责)、需要说服时(名词化让句子变长,说服力随字数下降)、口头表达时(说 reach a decision 在会议里显得生硬)。判断标准很简单:这句话如果念出来要让对方立刻行动,就用动词;如果要留档备查,就用名词。 ## 四、句型与范例 | 句式 | 功能 | 中文 | | --- | --- | --- | | X accounts for roughly Y% of revenue. | 给占比,避免绝对数失真 | X 约占收入的 Y% | | At this volume, the margin is thin—about four points. | 用 points 说利润,专业且克制 | 这个量级下利润很薄,约四个点 | | At the current burn, we have fourteen months of runway. | 把现金状况量化成时间 | 按现消耗,现金可撑十四个月 | | Data migration is in scope; retraining is not. | 划边界,一句分清内外 | 数据迁移在范围内,再培训不在 | | The trade-off is speed against accuracy, not cost against quality. | 把伪取舍换成真取舍 | 取舍是速度对准确,不是成本对质量 | | We would need X before we commit to Y. | 用条件锁住承诺 | 承诺 Y 之前,我们需要 X | | That gives us leverage on price at renewal. | 说明筹码来源 | 这在续约时给我们价格筹码 | | We should carry out due diligence before signing. | 把动作排进流程 | 签约前应先做尽职调查 | | Their procurement rules require three quotes. | 用外部规则解释约束 | 他们的采购规则要求三家报价 | | We have built in a contingency of 8%. | 说明风险已计价 | 我们预留了 8% 的应急额度 | **范例段落(150 词,含 12 个当日词块)** > The proposal covers two of the four regions; the remaining two are out of scope until the first deliverable is signed off. At current volume the margin is thin—about four points above cost—so any discount has to be matched by a longer term. On the cost side, we have built in a contingency of 8% for currency movement, which is roughly what the last two contracts needed. The real trade-off is speed against accuracy: cutting the pilot to four weeks would save six figures but leave the error rate unmeasured. Two stakeholders can block this—procurement and the regional finance lead—and neither has been consulted. We would need their sign-off before we commit to a start date. Due diligence on the incumbent's contract is still running; until it closes, the runway figure is an estimate. 批注三条:第一,scope 用了两遍,一次划内、一次划外,读者不会误解边界。第二,margin 用 points 而不是 percent,因为利润率说 points 是行业惯例,说 percent 会被理解成增幅。第三,trade-off 那句把「成本对质量」这个假取舍换成「速度对准确」这个真取舍,是这一段唯一带有判断的句子,因此放在段落中部而不是末尾。 还有一处值得学:最后一句用 until it closes 把 due diligence 与 runway 两个词连起来,等于告诉读者「这个数字是临时的」。商务写作里最值钱的不是把话说满,而是标明哪一句会在什么条件下失效。这句只用了八个词,却替作者挡掉了后面一整轮追问。 ## 五、练习 **A 词汇与搭配(8 题)** 1. 填动词:______ a meeting;______ a deadline;______ concerns;______ a deal。 2. 改搭配:The margin is very big in this segment. 3. 选词(runway / contingency):We have nine months of ______, and an 8% ______ for delays. 4. 中译英:数据迁移在范围内,再培训不在。 5. 词形:leverage 的动词用法造一句;due diligence 前能否加 a? 6. 改错:We discussed about the scope with procurement. 7. 选词(scope / trade-off):Cutting the pilot to four weeks is a ______ between speed and evidence. 8. 语域:把 This will make our margin good. 改成商务书面句。 **B 句法(6 题)** 1. 名词化降级:The implementation of the optimisation of the process will be carried out by the team. 改成有人称的动词句。 2. 名词化升级:We decided on Friday. 改成适合纪实的书面句。 3. 划边界:用 in scope / out of scope 把「我们做迁移和接口,不做培训」写成一句。 4. 加数字:We have enough cash for a while. 改成带 runway 的句子。 5. 加条件:That gives us leverage. 改成说明筹码来源与用途的句子。 6. 合并:两句并一句,用 trade-off——We can go faster. We would lose accuracy. **C 输出(2 题)** 1. 20 句:用今天二十个搭配各造一句,每句不少于 12 词,其中至少 8 句含数字。 2. 300 词段落:为一个虚拟项目写「范围与风险」说明,必须用上 scope、deliverable、trade-off、contingency、stakeholder、runway 六个词,且每个词至少出现一次、不重复堆砌。 ## 六、参考答案 **A** 1. hold;meet;raise;close。 2. The margin is thin in this segment. 或 Margins in this segment are thin.(margin 用 thin/wide,不用 big/small) 3. runway;contingency。 4. Data migration is in scope; retraining is not. 5. 动词用法:We can leverage the existing contract to get better terms.(leverage 作动词直接跟宾语,不加 on)due diligence 不可数,不能说 a due diligence,说 a round of due diligence 才成立。 6. We discussed the scope with procurement.(discuss 及物,去掉 about) 7. trade-off。 8. This would improve the margin. 或 This would widen the margin by about two points. **B** 1. The team will simplify how the process is run.(去掉两层 of,给出施动者) 2. A decision was reached on Friday. / The committee reached a decision on Friday. 3. Data migration and interface work are in scope; training is out of scope. 4. At the current burn, we have fourteen months of runway. 5. Holding the renewal date gives us leverage on price when the contract comes up. 6. Going faster would be a trade-off of accuracy for speed. **C 评分维度** | 维度 | 合格线 | | --- | --- | | 搭配 | 20 句中至少 17 句搭配正确,无 do/make 通吃 | | 长度 | 每句不少于 12 词,无一句为单词替换式造句 | | 数字 | 至少 8 句含具体数字,且数字有单位与口径 | | 段落 | 六个指定词各出现一次,无同段重复三次以上 | | 语域 | 全段为商务书面语,无口语填充词(kind of、a lot of) | 出现 discuss about、do a meeting 这类搭配错误,每处扣 5 分;段落中出现「very big margin」这类翻译痕迹,每处扣 3 分。 ## 七、今日输出与自查 | 检查项 | 合格线 | 我的记录 | | --- | --- | --- | | 词表 | 60 词进四格,每格不少于 10 个 | | | 搭配 | 60 组,每组经词典或语料确认 | | | 卡片 | 20 张,正面词、背面搭配与例句 | | | 造句 | 20 句,≥8 句含数字 | | | 自测 | 遮中文能说出 15 组以上搭配 | | 产出文件名:Day02_商务词块60.md,含四格表、20 张卡的文字版与 20 句。做完后把 60 个词里你「认识但没用过」的挑出来,通常有十五个左右——那才是本周真正的新增主动词。 ## 八、明日预告 Day 3 进入条件句,80 分钟写二十句。今天锁定的 leverage、trade-off、contingency 明天会变成筹码:条件句的功能就是把一个词块换成另一个词块。你要先想好三个「我方可以给的」和三个「我方想要的」,明天每一句都要从这两列里各取一个。