# 英语高级 · 第 10 周 Day 3|选项比较与条件预测 > 系列:语种学习 / 英语 / 高级 · 每日学习|AI生成|2026-10-27|codebuddy **今天学什么** 今天解决"比较写得像罗列"的问题。三个选项摆在一起,多数人写成三条并列的利弊清单,读者看完仍不知道差别在哪。真正的比较句必须做两件事:把选项放在同一根尺子上,并说清"如果选它,会发生什么、谁付代价"。今天的四个句式分工明确——should X be adopted 负责立条件,the likely outcome is 负责给结果,a scenario in which 负责设情景,at the cost of 负责标代价。每个词都对应一个逻辑位置,位置错了,句子再漂亮也是空转。学完你能写出 12 个带条件、结果、代价的政策预测句,直接进明天 memo 的 Options 与 Risks 两段。 ## 一、今日任务 | 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1. 读四个句式 | 15 min | 逐个读第三节的规则,抄下四个句式的骨架;每个句式写一句"我最容易犯的错" | 4 句骨架 + 4 条自警 | | 2. 拆范例 | 15 min | 读第四节的示例段,标出每句承担的是条件、结果还是代价;数一数用了几个 will | 标注 1 份 + will 计数 | | 3. 单要素造句 | 20 min | 只练条件:写 4 句 should 倒装 + 2 句 In a scenario where;主语统一用 your chosen policy | 6 句条件句 | | 4. 双要素造句 | 25 min | 写 6 句,每句必须同时含结果与代价;代价一律写明承担者(谁的钱、谁的时间、谁的风险) | 6 句结果 + 代价句 | | 5. 合并与自检 | 5 min | 12 句并排,逐句圈出三要素;只有两个的标 2,只有一个的删掉重写 | 12 句定稿 + 要素标注 | 第 3、4 环节合起来是 12 句:6 句条件 + 6 句结果与代价。不要先想中文再翻,直接从"谁、在什么条件下、会怎样、谁付钱"四格填起,填完再润色语序。 ## 二、核心词汇与搭配 | 词/短语 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句(含译) | 语域 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | contingent | /kənˈtɪndʒənt/(≈克恩提恩哲恩特) | adj. | 取决于……的,有条件的 | contingent on; contingent liability | The saving is contingent on take-up reaching 50 per cent. 这笔节省取决于参与率达到五成。 | 学术 | | plausible | /ˈplɔːzəbl/(≈普劳泽布尔) | adj. | 可信的,说得通的 | a plausible scenario; it is plausible that | It is plausible that the cap binds only in the largest cities. 上限可能只在大城市起作用,这一说法说得通。 | 学术 | | trade-off | /ˈtreɪd ɒf/ | n. | 权衡,取舍 | a trade-off between; accept a trade-off | The trade-off is between speed and equity, not between acting and waiting. 取舍在速度与公平之间,而非在行动与等待之间。 | 学术 | | feasible | /ˈfiːzəbl/(≈菲泽布尔) | adj. | 可行的 | technically feasible; feasible within the budget | A citywide rollout is feasible within two years only if inspection is contracted out. 只有把检查外包,全市推广才可能在两年内完成。 | 商务 | | downside | /ˈdaʊnsaɪd/(≈道恩赛德) | n. | 不利面,下行风险 | the downside is; downside risk | The downside is concentrated: 300 owners hold most of the stock. 下行风险集中:三百名业主握有大部分房源。 | 商务 | | exposure | /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/(≈伊克斯波若尔) | n. | 敞口,暴露程度 | exposure to; limit exposure to | The scheme leaves the city with limited exposure to cost overruns. 该方案使该市在成本超支上的敞口有限。 | 商务 | | magnitude | /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/(≈麦格尼特尤德) | n. | 量级,规模 | the order of magnitude; of this magnitude | The error is of a different order of magnitude from the one claimed. 这一误差与所称的量级完全不同。 | 学术 | | likelihood | /ˈlaɪklihʊd/(≈莱克利胡德) | n. | 可能性 | the likelihood of; reduce the likelihood | The likelihood of a legal challenge rises with every exemption granted. 每给出一项豁免,遭遇法律挑战的可能性就上升。 | 学术 | | offset | /ˌɒfˈset/(≈奥夫塞特·短) | v. | 抵消,冲抵 | offset the cost; be offset by | Higher fares would offset about a third of the shortfall. 提高票价可抵消约三分之一的缺口。 | 商务 | | scenario | /səˈnɑːriəʊ/(≈瑟纳里欧) | n. | 情景,假定情形 | in a scenario where; a downside scenario | In a downside scenario, uptake stagnates and the fixed costs are never recovered. 在下行情景中,参与率停滞,固定成本永远收不回。 | 学术 | 这十个词分成"判断"与"计量"两半。判断类:plausible 是"说得通但未经证实",比 possible 更有分量,因为它暗含"我评估过";feasible 只讲能不能做,不讲该不该做;contingent 是把结论挂在条件上,写 recommendation 时最好用,一个词就交代了"这不是无条件承诺"。计量类:magnitude 讲量级,likelihood 讲概率,exposure 讲风险敞口,offset 讲抵消,scenario 讲分支。政策写作里,判断词负责态度,计量词负责可信度,两者缺一,句子就会滑向两种失败——只有判断是空话,只有数字是流水账。 trade-off 常被误用成"利弊"。它的准确含义是"多要 A 就必然少要 B",所以后面必须跟两个同层级的目标,而不是一好一坏。写 the trade-off between cost and benefit 是错的,因为成本与收益不是互斥的两端;写 the trade-off between coverage and cost per claimant 才对,因为扩大覆盖必然抬高单位成本。 ## 三、语言点:条件预测的确定性梯度与代价归属 **规则** 1. **确定性由情态动词承担,一段只用一次 will。** 梯度是:will(几乎确定)> is likely to(六到八成)> may(四到六成)> could(低且带保留)。政策文里连用四个 will,读者分不清哪句是预测、哪句是承诺,最后一句都不信。 2. **should 倒装只用于"待决"的正式条件。** Should the city adopt the cap, revenue would rise. 这里的 should 等于 if,不是"应该"。条件已经定了,就不能用 should,要用 Given that 或 Once。 3. **at the cost of 后面只能接名词或动名词,且必须点明承担者。** at the cost of rural claimants、at the cost of slower delivery 都可以;at the cost of it is unfair 不行。不写承担者,这个短语就退化成修辞。 4. **a scenario in which 后面必须有可观察变量。** take-up、price、enrolment、inspection numbers 都算;a scenario in which things go badly 不算,因为它无法验证,也无法设应对。 5. **三要素一句装两个,第三个另起一句。** 条件 + 结果放主句与从句,代价用 at the cost of 挂在句尾;若三者也想进来,用 which would mean 另起,不要挤成一个四十词的长句。 **强弱对比** | 弱 | 强 | 差别 | | --- | --- | --- | | If we adopt the mandate, it will work. | Should the mandate be adopted, uptake would probably rise to about 45 per cent, though at the cost of higher compliance costs for small landlords. | 前者只有一个模糊结果;后者有条件、有量、有承担者 | | There are pros and cons. | The trade-off is between coverage and cost per claimant, not between acting and waiting. | 前者是套话;后者把两端说清,并排除了一个假选项 | | This might have a downside. | The downside is concentrated: 300 owners hold 60 per cent of the stock, so any challenge will be organised. | 前者无法应对;后者指名集中度与后果 | **常见误用** 1. **把 should 倒装当"应该"。** Should the city adopt the cap 是"如果该市设上限",不是"该市应该设上限"。要表达建议,用 The city should adopt…,此时不倒装。 2. **at the cost of 后接完整句。** at the cost of small firms lose money 是错的;改成 at the cost of small firms 或 at the cost of pushing small firms out。 3. **情态词叠加。** It may possibly be likely to… 三重弱化,读者会认为你没有判断。政策文需要的是"有保留的明确":probably、is likely to、on current evidence 各用一次即可。 **什么时候用、什么时候不能用、用了会显得怎样** should 倒装在正式书面里是加分项,因为它压缩了一个从句,且语气克制;但在口头 briefing 里连用两次,会显得像在念稿,听众抓不住。at the cost of 适合放在句尾做"代价标签",一句一个,多了像在自辩。a scenario in which 适合 Risks 段,不适合 Issue 段——问题还没定义清楚就谈情景,读者会觉得你在回避。至于情态梯度,最忌"全篇 may":通篇模糊等于没有推荐,而 memo 的核心就是推荐。合适的做法是:Recommended 段用一个 will 或 should 明确表态,Options 段用 would、is likely to 做比较,Risks 段用 may、could 谈分支。 ## 四、句型与范例 | 句式 | 功能 | 中文 | | --- | --- | --- | | Should X be adopted, Y would… | 正式条件 + 结果,压缩一个从句 | 若采纳 X,则会 Y | | The likely outcome is a…, not a… | 给出结果并排除误读 | 可能的结果是……,而非…… | | In a scenario where…, the likely outcome is… | 设可变情景,再给预测 | 在……的情景下,结果可能是…… | | X is cheaper per unit, but at the cost of… | 承认优势,标出代价 | X 单位成本更低,但代价是…… | | The trade-off is between A and B, not between… | 把取舍限定在两个真目标之间 | 取舍在 A 与 B 之间,而非…… | | The cost falls on Z, who cannot pass it on. | 点明承担者与转嫁能力 | 成本落在 Z 身上,而他无法转嫁 | | We estimate a one-in-three chance that… | 给概率而非态度 | 我们估计有三分之一的可能性…… | | Even in the best case, X would still… | 最好情形下的残余问题 | 即便最好情形,X 仍会…… | | If that condition fails, the option collapses into… | 条件失效后的退化路径 | 若该条件不成立,此选项退化为…… | | The downside is contained by… | 说明风险已被限制 | 下行风险由……所限制 | **示例段(约 150 词)** > Should the nightly cap be adopted, the likely outcome is a modest fall in whole-flat listings, not a fall in rents. The cap binds only where an operator holds more than three units, which is roughly 12 per cent of the stock; in a scenario where enforcement is complaint-driven, compliance would depend on tenants knowing their rights. A licensing fee would raise more revenue and is cheaper to administer, but at the cost of pushing small landlords into the informal market. The trade-off is therefore between coverage and administrative burden, not between acting and waiting. On current evidence, we estimate a one-in-three chance that the cap survives a legal challenge; even in the best case, it would still leave 40 per cent of listings untouched. 批注:全段只用了一个 would 群(would rise/would depend/would still),没有出现一次 will,因此每句都是预测而非承诺。第三句用 at the cost of pushing…into the informal market 把代价落到具体群体与具体行为,不是笼统的"有副作用"。第五句用 one-in-three chance 给概率,比 may face challenges 可信得多。末句用 even in the best case 做让步,把结论的边界说清——这是 memo 里最容易被忽略、却最能显专业的一步。 ## 五、练习 **A 词汇与搭配(7 题)** 1. 介词:contingent ______ take-up reaching 50 per cent;exposure ______ cost overruns。 2. 辨析:plausible 与 possible 的差别,各造一句。 3. 改错:the trade-off between cost and benefit 为什么不准?给出改法。 4. 搭配:把"这笔节省可抵消约三分之一的缺口"译成英文,须用 offset。 5. 词形:feasible → 名词;likely → 名词。 6. 选词(magnitude / likelihood):The error is of a different order of ______. 7. 语域改写:There are good points and bad points. → 改成 trade-off 句。 **B 句法(6 题)** 1. 改成 should 倒装:If the levy is extended to online retailers, revenue would rise by £300m. 2. 加代价与承担者:A citywide ban would cut listings. → 补 at the cost of,并写明谁受损。 3. 加可观察变量:In a scenario where things go wrong, the scheme fails. → 改成含具体变量的情景句。 4. 降确定性:The cap will reduce rents. → 改成"六到八成"的表述。 5. 合并三要素为两句:条件(参与率低于三成)+ 结果(补贴收不回成本)+ 代价(由纳税人承担)。 6. 改错:at the cost of small firms lose their margins. → 给出两种合法改法。 **C 输出(2 题)** 1. 12 句:6 句条件句(含 4 句 should 倒装、2 句 In a scenario where)+ 6 句结果与代价句;每句旁标"条件/结果/代价"中命中的两项。 2. 选项对比段 220—260 词:用今天至少 6 个词与 5 个句式,比较三个互斥选项(差别在"谁做",不在"做多少");结尾给一句有条件的倾向性判断,不写最终推荐。 ## 六、参考答案 **A** 1. on;to。 2. possible 只说逻辑上成立;plausible 说"经评估后仍站得住",含判断。例:A delay is possible. / A six-month delay is plausible if the courts hear the case in spring. 3. 因为成本与收益不是互斥两端,多要一个不必少要另一个。改法:the trade-off between coverage and cost per claimant。 4. The saving would offset about a third of the shortfall. 5. feasibility;likelihood。 6. magnitude。 7. The trade-off is between speed of delivery and equity of access. **B** 1. Should the levy be extended to online retailers, revenue would rise by £300m. 2. A citywide ban would cut listings, at the cost of owners who bought in the last three years and cannot sell. 3. In a scenario where take-up stays below 30 per cent for two years, the fixed costs are never recovered. 4. The cap is likely to reduce rents modestly, by perhaps 3 to 5 per cent. 5. If take-up stays below 30 per cent, the subsidy will not recover its fixed costs. That gap would fall on general taxpayers, who receive none of the benefit. 6. 改法一:at the cost of small firms' margins;改法二:at the cost of eroding margins for small firms。 **C 评分维度** | 维度 | 合格线 | | --- | --- | | 要素 | 12 句中每句 ≥2 个要素,标注准确 | | 条件句 | 4 句 should 倒装无误用,2 句情景句含可观察变量 | | 代价 | 6 句代价句全部写明承担者 | | 情态 | 全篇 will ≤2 次,梯度合理 | | 互斥 | 三个选项差别在"谁做"或"钱从哪来",不是力度 | | 长度 | 对比段 220—260 词,句式 ≥5 种 | ## 七、今日输出与自查 | 检查项 | 合格线 | 我的记录 | | --- | --- | --- | | 句数 | 12 句,无重复句式 | | | 要素覆盖 | 条件 6、结果 6、代价 6,每句至少两项 | | | 承动者 | 每处 at the cost of 都有明确承担者 | | | 情态 | will 出现 ≤2 次 | | | 对比段 | 220—260 词,含一句有条件倾向 | | 产出文件名:条件预测十二句_Day03.md + 选项对比段_Day03.md(220—260 词)。自查只做一件事:把 12 句的"代价"部分单独抄成一列,看它们是否都指向不同的人。如果六句的代价都是"政府成本上升",说明你还没找到真正的分配冲突,明天的 memo 会在 Criteria 段露馅。 ## 八、明日预告 明天换输入通道:听 15 分钟政策播客,记问题、三个选项、推荐与理由,一页笔记,并复述推荐背后的标准。今天写的是"如果……就会……,代价是……",明天要在没有文本、不能回读的条件下,把这个结构从别人的嘴里听出来——听力难在结构不标记,讲者说 "the alternative, of course, is…",你要立刻知道选项二来了。今天造的 12 句,明天正好用来对照:你的预测句和讲者的推荐句,差在哪一层理由上。