# 英语高级 · 第 10 周 Day 2｜政策词六十与三十卡

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**今天学什么**

今天解决"政策词认识但用不出"的问题。政策语域的门槛不在词难，而在词与介词的绑定、以及名词化之后施动者的去向：你能读懂 means-tested，却未必写得出 a benefit that is means-tested against household income；你知道 leverage，却常把它写成动词而丢掉"杠杆来自何处"这一层。今天的 60 个词按功能分五组，每组都对应备忘录的一段，背的时候就知道它将落在哪一段。学完你能产出 60 词清单与 30 张可自测的词卡，并且每个词都能立刻进入一个政策句——这是明天写条件预测句和后天写 memo 的原料。

## 一、今日任务

| 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. 五组归类 | 15 min | 把 60 词按"工具、分配、执行、成本、证据"五组落到纸上，每组 12 个；每词旁写它对应 memo 的哪一段 | 60 词五分表 |
| 2. 精讲十词 | 20 min | 精读本文件第二节的 10 个词，逐词抄搭配、抄例句、改一句自用句 | 10 句自造句 |
| 3. 造政策句 | 20 min | 剩余 50 词，每词写一个"政策动作句"，主语必须是机构或群体，不允许写定义句 | 50 句（每句 ≤18 词） |
| 4. 做词卡 | 15 min | 挑最难用的 30 词做卡：正面词 + 音标，背面三行——搭配、一句原文、一句自造；不许写中文释义当答案 | 30 张卡 |
| 5. 三次触碰排程 | 10 min | 今天、后天、下周一各复习一遍；每次只遮背面说句子，说不出的词打点，第三次仍打点的抄进错词页 | 复习排程表 |

造定义句是今天最容易犯的懒：写 "Subsidy means money given by the government" 你只是在复述词典。政策句必须是动作句——谁对谁做什么，用什么手段，达到什么结果。

## 二、核心词汇与搭配

| 词/短语 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句（含译） | 语域 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| mandate | /ˈmændeɪt/（≈曼戴特） | n./v. | 授权；强制要求 | a mandate to do; be mandated by law; stop short of a mandate | The regulator has a mandate to inspect, but no mandate to fine. 监管机构有权检查，却无权罚款。 | 学术 |
| incentive | /ɪnˈsentɪv/（≈伊恩塞恩提夫） | n. | 激励，诱因 | provide an incentive for sb to do; perverse incentive; align incentives | A flat fee gives providers an incentive to cut visits short. 固定付费会让服务方倾向于缩短每次问诊。 | 学术 |
| leverage | /ˈliːvərɪdʒ/（≈利弗里知） | n./v. | 杠杆，可动用的影响力 | give sb leverage over; use X as leverage; leverage existing capacity | Control of the licensing database gives the city leverage over operators. 掌握许可数据库，使该市对运营商有了杠杆。 | 商务 |
| means-tested | /ˈmiːnz testɪd/ | adj. | 经济状况调查式的，按收入审查资格 | a means-tested benefit; means-tested against household income | Eligibility is means-tested against household income, not assets. 资格按家庭收入而非资产审查。 | 学术 |
| cost-effective | /ˌkɒst ɪˈfektɪv/ | adj. | 单位效果成本低的，划算的 | cost-effective relative to; prove cost-effective at scale | At £900 per additional graduate, the programme is cost-effective relative to the alternative. 每多一名毕业生花九百英镑，相较替代方案是划算的。 | 商务 |
| compliance | /kəmˈplaɪəns/（≈克姆普莱厄恩斯） | n. | 合规，遵守规定 | compliance costs; enforce compliance; bring sb into compliance | Compliance costs fall disproportionately on firms with fewer than ten staff. 合规成本不成比例地压在十人以下的企业身上。 | 商务 |
| subsidy | /ˈsʌbsədi/（≈萨布瑟迪） | n. | 补贴 | means-tested subsidy; phase out a subsidy; perverse subsidy | The subsidy is capped per household and phased out above the median. 补贴按户设上限，收入高于中位数后逐步取消。 | 学术 |
| entitle | /ɪnˈtaɪtl/（≈伊恩泰特尔·短） | v. | 使有资格，赋予权利 | entitle sb to; be entitled to claim | Registration entitles the household to a fixed allowance, not to a place. 登记使该家庭有权领取定额补助，而非获得名额。 | 学术 |
| taper | /ˈteɪpə(r)/（≈泰珀尔·轻） | v./n. | 逐步缩减，渐退 | taper relief above; a taper of 40 per cent | Relief is tapered at 40 pence for every pound earned above the threshold. 收入超过门槛后，每挣一英镑减免减少四十便士。 | 学术 |
| uptake | /ˈʌpteɪk/（≈阿普泰克·短） | n. | 参与率，采用率 | take-up rate; uptake has stalled at; boost uptake | Uptake has stalled at 28 per cent, well below the 60 per cent assumed. 参与率停在 28%，远低于假设的 60%。 | 学术 |

**五组扩展清单（另 50 词）**

| 组别 | 对应段落 | 词（10 个） | 必须带走的搭配 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 政策工具 | Options | regulation, levy, rebate, grant, cap, quota, licensing, procurement, public provision, standard-setting | impose a cap on; levy a charge on; award a grant to; set a standard for |
| 分配与公平 | Criteria | eligibility, universal, progressive, regressive, distributional, incidence, targeting, leakage, adequacy, equity | eligibility criteria; a regressive effect on; targeted at low-income households; leakage of benefits |
| 执行与交付 | Risks | rollout, delivery, capacity, frontline, implementation gap, pilot, scale-up, phase-in, sunset clause, enforcement | phased rollout; delivery capacity; a pilot before scale-up; a sunset clause after five years |
| 成本与效果 | Criteria | fiscal space, opportunity cost, deadweight loss, externality, net present value, payback period, value for money, unit cost, cost per claimant, affordability | within the fiscal space; at an opportunity cost of; a payback period of six years; value for money |
| 评估与证据 | Background | baseline, counterfactual, attribution, benchmark, outcome, output, monitoring, audit, evaluation, metric | against a 2019 baseline; attribution is weak; an outcome rather than an output; a single headline metric |

这五十个词不必今天全部会用，但要按组记：工具组决定你的选项写得实不实，分配组决定你的标准公不公平，执行组决定你的风险写得像不像真的，成本组决定你的推荐有没有算账，证据组决定你的背景段有没有底气。写作时按组取词，比按字母表背词有效得多，因为同一组的词天然能进同一句。

十个精讲词里，最容易被用错的是三个。**leverage** 常被当成"利用"的动词乱用，其实它的核心是"一方对另一方的可动用影响力"，所以必须回答"杠杆来自什么、作用于谁"：Control of the database gives the city leverage over operators. 少了后半句，这词就空了。**cost-effective** 不是"便宜"，而是"单位效果的成本低"，因此几乎总需要一个比较对象：relative to the alternative、against the status quo、at scale。没有比较对象，它只是好听的形容词。**entitle** 的宾语是人，不是东西：entitle the household to an allowance，不能写 entitle an allowance。

## 三、语言点：名词化与复合修饰语的密度控制

**规则**

1. **名词化每句最多两处。** 政策文书偏爱 implementation、provision、assessment 这类词，因为它们显得克制；但一句话里出现三个，主语就消失了，责任也跟着消失。第三个名词化出现时，改回动词。
2. **复合修饰语只能前置，不能带自己的宾语。** a means-tested benefit ✓；a benefit tested by household income ✓；a means-tested-by-income benefit ✗。要带宾语就展开成从句或后置短语。
3. **名词化之后必须补回施动者。** The benefit will be means-tested 省了主语，读者不知道谁审；正式文本里补一个 by the agency，或改成主动句，责任才落地。省略施动者有时是刻意的（避免指名），但你要知道自己是在省略。
4. **动词决定介词，介词错了整句就假。** impose a cap on、levy a charge on、roll out a scheme across、taper relief for、exempt firms from、entitle sb to。这些不是可替换的虚词，而是搭配的一部分。
5. **复合修饰语必须能展开成一个从句。** cost-effective 可展开为 "effective relative to its cost"；means-tested 可展开为 "tested against means"。展不开的复合词（如 incentive-based、leverage-driven）多半是空话，写出来只会让句子变重。

**强弱对比**

| 弱 | 强 | 差别 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| There will be an implementation of the rollout of the scheme. | The agency will roll the scheme out in two phases. | 两个名词化叠在一起，动作全丢了；改回动词后施动者、方式、时间都回来了 |
| The policy is very cost-effective. | At £900 per additional graduate, it costs less than half the alternative. | 前者是评价，后者是证据；政策文里评价必须由数字托住 |
| The benefit will be means-tested. | The agency will means-test the benefit against household income. | 被动省了施动者，读者不知道谁审、按什么审；补上后责任与口径都清楚 |

**常见误用**

1. **连字符漏写造成歧义。** a means tested benefit 会被读成"一种手段检验了一种福利"；a small business loan 到底是"小额贷款"还是"给小企业的贷款"，靠连字符分辨：a small-business loan。
2. **名词化堆叠。** the evaluation of the implementation of the provision of services——四个 of，读者要回读三遍。拆成两句，或把其中一个改回动词。
3. **把 cost-effective 当"廉价"。** 一个方案可以很贵但 cost-effective（因为它效果更大），也可以很便宜但不 cost-effective（因为几乎没效果）。混用会让你在标准段自相矛盾。

**什么时候用、什么时候不能用、用了会显得怎样**

名词化在三种场合是必要的：一是不知或不便点明施动者（The data were collected in 2019）；二是需要把动作当话题再评论（Implementation has lagged）；三是重复指称，避免每句都写 the agency rolls out。除此之外，它都是负担。整段名词化密度过高，读起来像"没有人做任何事，只有事情在发生"——这是官僚文体最典型的味道，也是最容易被阅卷人判为"空"的味道。反过来，全用动词、一句一个主语，又会让政策文显得琐碎、缺少概括力。合适的比例大约是：陈述机制时用动词，比较选项时用名词化，二者交替，一段里不超过三处名词化。

## 四、句型与范例

| 句式 | 功能 | 中文 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The regulator has a mandate to X but not to Y. | 划清权限边界，Issue 段常用 | 监管方有权 X，但无权 Y |
| The scheme gives firms an incentive to… | 说明激励方向，注意 for sb to do | 该方案使企业有动力去…… |
| Control of X gives the agency leverage over Y. | 点明杠杆来源与作用对象 | 掌握 X 使该机构对 Y 有杠杆 |
| Eligibility is means-tested against household income. | 交代资格审查口径 | 资格按家庭收入审查 |
| At £X per Y, the option is cost-effective relative to… | 用单位成本做划算判断 | 每 Y 花 X 英镑，相较……是划算的 |
| Compliance costs fall disproportionately on… | 指出成本分布不均 | 合规成本不成比例地落在…… |
| The subsidy is tapered at X per cent above… | 说明渐退机制 | 超过……后补贴按百分之 X 递减 |
| Registration entitles the household to… | 说明权利内容 | 登记使该家庭有权…… |
| Uptake has stalled at X per cent, against a target of Y. | 用两个数字制造落差 | 参与率停在 X%，目标是 Y% |
| The mandate stops short of requiring… | 说明政策的克制与缺口 | 该强制令未要求…… |

**示例段（约 120 词，密度控制示范）**

> Three instruments are available. A mandate would require landlords to install insulation by 2030; it gives the strongest signal but shifts the whole cost onto owners, and compliance would depend on an inspection team that does not yet exist. A subsidy is means-tested against landlord income and tapered above £40,000, which raises uptake at a unit cost of about £1,800 per dwelling. A rebate on the levy is the cheapest to administer and the weakest in effect. We recommend the subsidy, on the grounds that it is cost-effective relative to enforcement and can be phased in through the existing tax system.

批注：全段只有 implementation 类名词化零处，动作都由动词承担（require、shift、depend、raise、phase in），因此每句都能回答"谁做什么"。cost-effective 带了比较对象 relative to enforcement，不是空评价。tapered above £40,000 与 means-tested against landlord income 两个复合结构都展开了口径，读者能复算。最后一句用 can be phased in through the existing tax system 收束，把执行路径也说完了。

## 五、练习

**A 词汇与搭配（8 题）**

1. 介词：impose a cap ______ emissions；levy a charge ______ operators；exempt small firms ______ the rule.
2. 辨析：subsidy 与 grant 的区别是什么？各造一句政策句。
3. 改错：The benefit will be means-tested-by-income. 为什么错？改成两种合法形式。
4. 搭配：把"参与率停在 28%"写成英文，须用 uptake 与 stall。
5. 词形：comply → 名词 → 形容词（合规的）。
6. 选词（entitle / qualify）：Registration ______ the household to a fixed allowance.
7. 语域：The policy gives people a reason to work less. 改成政策语域，用 incentive。
8. 连字符：给下面三处补连字符——a means tested benefit、a five year phase in、a cost effective option。

**B 句法（5 题）**

1. 拆名词化：The evaluation of the implementation of the provision of childcare has been delayed. → 改成两句，施动者明确。
2. 加施动者：The levy will be extended to online retailers. → 补出谁 extend、依据什么。
3. 压缩：The city will roll the scheme out. The rollout will happen in three phases. The phases will last six months each. → 一句。
4. 加比较对象：The programme is cost-effective. → 补成可核查的判断。
5. 名词化改写：The agency inspects 4,000 sites each year. → 改成名词化主语开头的句子，并说明这样改的得失。

**C 输出（2 题）**

1. 60 词五分表 + 30 张词卡：词卡正面只写词与音标，背面三行（搭配、原文例句、自造句）；30 张必须覆盖五组，每组至少 4 张。
2. 政策段 150—180 词：用至少 12 个今天的词，写"某市拟对短租住房设上限"的三个工具比较；要求名词化不超过 3 处，cost-effective 必须带比较对象。

## 六、参考答案

**A**

1. on；on；from。
2. subsidy 是按单位或人头持续给的价差补偿，grant 是一次性或按项目的拨款。例：The subsidy covers the gap between cost and fare. / The city awarded a grant of £2m to retrofit the depot.
3. 复合修饰语不能带自己的宾语，只能前置。合法形式：a benefit that is means-tested against income；a benefit means-tested on household income。
4. Uptake has stalled at 28 per cent.
5. compliance；compliant。
6. entitles。entitle 的宾语是人，后接 to + 名词。
7. The policy gives households an incentive to reduce paid work.
8. a means-tested benefit；a five-year phase-in；a cost-effective option。

**B**

1. The agency has delayed the childcare programme. Its assessment of how the scheme was delivered is now two years late.（把两个名词化拆成一个动作 + 一个具体事实）
2. The Treasury will extend the levy to online retailers from April, under the 2024 Finance Act.
3. The city will roll the scheme out in three six-month phases.
4. At £900 per additional graduate, the programme costs less than half the alternative and delivers the same qualification.
5. The agency's inspection of 4,000 sites a year has kept refusal rates below 5 per cent. 得：主语变成"检查"这件事，便于接着评论它；失：施动者退到所有格里，责任变淡。

**C 评分维度**

| 维度 | 合格线 |
| --- | --- |
| 覆盖 | 60 词齐全，五组各 12；30 张卡覆盖五组 |
| 搭配 | 每词至少一个正确介词或动宾搭配 |
| 句子 | 50 个政策句均为动作句，无定义句 |
| 密度 | 150 词段落名词化 ≤3 处 |
| 比较 | cost-effective 带比较对象，数字可核查 |
| 自测 | 遮住背面能说出完整句，≥24/30 |

## 七、今日输出与自查

| 检查项 | 合格线 | 我的记录 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 词表 | 60 词，五组各 12，无重复 |  |
| 词卡 | 30 张，每组 ≥4 |  |
| 造句 | 50 句动作句，单句 ≤18 词 |  |
| 介词 | 抽查 15 词，介词全对 ≥13 |  |
| 名词化 | 150 词段落中 ≤3 处 |  |

产出文件名：政策词六十_Day02.md + 词卡_Day02（30 张，纸质或 Anki 均可）+ 政策段_Day02.md（150—180 词）。自测方式：随机抽 15 个词，只给中文场景，你要在十秒内说出完整搭配句；说不出的词不是"没背熟"，而是"没在句子里用过"，回到第 3 环节重造一句。

## 八、明日预告

明天练条件预测：should X be adopted、the likely outcome is、a scenario in which、at the cost of，共 12 句。今天的词是明天的零件——没有 mandate、taper、uptake 这些词，条件句只能写得很空（If we do X, things will be better）。明天要求每句含"条件、结果、代价"三要素中的至少两个，并且代价必须点明由谁承担。换句话说，今天学的是名词，明天学的是名词之间的因果与交换。