# 英语高级 · 第 2 周 Day 2|搭配矩阵与弱动词扩展 > 系列:语种学习 / 英语 / 高级 · 每日学习|AI生成|2026-10-27|codebuddy **今天学什么** 昨天你采了 20 组搭配,但那是"别人怎么写",还不是"你能写什么"。今天把零散的卡片变成一张矩阵:8 个弱动词横向铺开,6 类语义槽纵向排开,48 格里只有 40 格能填。你会在填格的过程中撞上一个关键事实——语法允许的组合远多于英语实际使用的组合,而语域的高低恰恰藏在"这个格子到底有没有人说"里。填完你会得到一张可查表:写作时想不起动词,就按语义槽去找;同时知道哪 8 个格子必须绕开。今天的产出是矩阵 1 张加 10 句自造句,其中至少 8 句搭配正确。 ## 一、今日任务 | 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 复习 | 10 min | 出声过 20 张搭配卡,遮住中文说搭配;错的单独放一堆 | 3—5 张待重写卡 | | 建矩阵 | 28 min | 画 8 行 × 6 列表;先凭记忆填,允许空;再用昨天的原句和词典搭配栏校正 | 48 格草表 | | 补空与剔除 | 12 min | 每行补到 5—6 格;凡是"想不出原句"的格子一律留白,并写下为什么空 | 定稿矩阵 40 格 + 8 个空缺说明 | | 造句 | 20 min | 用矩阵里最不熟的 10 格各造一句,场景必须与昨天原句不同 | 10 句 | | 校对 | 10 min | 逐句查三样:介词、冠词、名词单复数;改完朗读一遍 | 10 句定稿 + 错误记录 | 矩阵的列不是同一个名词,而是同一个语义槽。若强行用六个固定名词做交叉,48 格里会有一半是伪搭配,矩阵就失去意义。列标题只规定"这一格解决什么表达需求",具体名词由你按动词的实际搭配能力挑。 | 语义槽 | make | take | | --- | --- | --- | | 决策与安排 | make an arrangement | take steps | | 风险与损害 | (留白) | take a risk | | 言说与论证 | make a case | take issue with | | 责任与义务 | make a commitment | take responsibility | | 推进与变化 | make headway | take stock | | 判断与评价 | make a judgement | take a dim view | 这张两行示例已经显出规律:make 在"风险"一栏没有位置,因为风险是承担的对象,动词只能是 take、pose、raise。留白不是失败,是你对英语切分经验的方式有了判断。 ## 二、核心词汇与搭配 今天选的十组,都是矩阵里"认识但想不到用"的格子。它们共同的特点是:中文能感觉到意思,英文却很难临场组装。 | 词/短语 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 语域 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | take stock | /teɪk ˈstɒk/ | 动词短语 | 盘点、评估现状(常与 of 连用) | 商务/学术 | | give sb credit | /ɡɪv ˈkredɪt/ | 动词短语 | 承认某人的功劳或优点 | 通用/商务 | | have a head start | /hæv ə ˈhed stɑːt/ | 动词短语 | 起步占优、抢得先机 | 通用/商务 | | do justice to | /duː ˈdʒʌstɪs tu/ | 动词短语 | 充分呈现、公正对待(多用于评价作品或复杂性) | 学术/媒体 | | hold sb accountable | /həʊld əˈkaʊntəbl/ | 动词短语 | 追究某人的责任 | 商务/媒体 | | hold steady | /həʊld ˈstedi/ | 动词短语 | 保持稳定、未见波动 | 媒体/商务 | | make headway | /meɪk ˈhedweɪ/ | 动词短语 | 取得进展(多用于困难议题) | 学术/媒体 | | give notice | /ɡɪv ˈnəʊtɪs/ | 动词短语 | 发出通知;提出辞职 | 商务 | | raise the risk of | /reɪz ðə ˈrɪsk əv/ | 动词短语 | 提高……的风险 | 学术/媒体 | | take a dim view of | /teɪk ə ˈdɪm vjuː əv/ | 动词短语 | 对……持否定看法 | 媒体/商务 | **搭配与例句** 1. **take stock (of)** — 搭配:take stock of progress / the situation。The review takes stock of a decade of reform.(该综述盘点了十年改革。)不要写成 take stock on;介词固定为 of。 2. **give sb credit** — 搭配:give credit for / give sb credit for doing。Critics give the authors credit for acknowledging the limits of their data.(批评者认可作者承认数据局限这一点。)这个词组的语用功能是"在批评中保留一句肯定",写评论时极好用。 3. **have a head start** — 搭配:have a head start on / over。Firms with existing patents have a head start on competitors.(已有专利的企业比竞争者领先一步。)注意 on 与 over 都可用,on 偏"在某事上",over 偏"相对某人"。 4. **do justice to** — 搭配:do justice to the complexity / the evidence / the subject。A single index cannot do justice to the complexity of the problem.(单一指标无法充分反映问题的复杂性。)这是学术写作里承认局限的体面说法,比 cannot show fully 稳。 5. **hold sb accountable** — 搭配:hold sb accountable for / hold institutions accountable。The scheme holds providers accountable for outcomes rather than inputs.(该方案要求服务提供者对结果而非投入负责。)accountable 后只接 for,不接 to(接 to 时是"向……汇报")。 6. **hold steady** — 搭配:prices / rates / numbers hold steady at。Enrolment has held steady at around 4,000 since 2019.(自 2019 年以来入学人数稳定在四千左右。)适合描述"没变化",是数据段里被低估的动词。 7. **make headway** — 搭配:make headway on / in / towards。Little headway has been made on reducing waiting times.(在缩短等候时间方面进展甚微。)被动式 has been made 比主动更常见于报告体。 8. **give notice** — 搭配:give notice of / give 30 days' notice。The regulator gave notice of its intention to intervene.(监管机构发出通知,表明其干预意图。)商务语境里也可指辞职,写作时靠上下文区分。 9. **raise the risk of** — 搭配:raise the risk of relapse / failure。Delayed treatment raises the risk of complications.(延迟治疗会增加并发症风险。)与 increase the risk 同义,但 raise 更常用于"人为因素导致"。 10. **take a dim view of** — 搭配:take a dim view of delays / of such tactics。Auditors take a dim view of unexplained adjustments.(审计人员对无法解释的调整持否定态度。)偏媒体与商务,学术论文里改用 view with concern。 ## 三、语言点:搭配限制从哪里来 弱动词本身几乎没有意义,所以它和名词的组合不受"意思通不通"约束,而受三类历史形成的限制约束。理解这三类,你才能判断一个格子该不该填。 | 规则 | 说明 | 例 | | --- | --- | --- | | 1. 语义选择限制 | 动词对名词的语义类别有偏好,跨类即不成立 | pose 只接"难题类"(risk、threat、challenge、question),不接 decision、progress | | 2. 数、冠词与可数性绑定 | 大部分动作名词可数,必须带 a;少数固定为不可数或复数 | make a decision(可数);make progress(不可数,无冠词);take steps(复数) | | 3. 介词随名词而非动词走 | 同一个动词配不同名词,介词会变 | take account **of**、take issue **with**、take stock **of**、take a dim view **of** | | 4. 搭配有"半活"与"死"之分 | 死搭配不能换词(give notice);半活搭配可有限替换(raise the risk / raise the likelihood) | 换词前先问:这个替换在语料里出现过吗 | | 5. 空缺本身是信息 | 一个动词覆盖不到某语义槽,说明英语不这样切分经验 | do 不接 judgement:判断用 make 或 form | **强弱对比** | 能懂但不地道 | 地道且合语域 | 差别在哪 | | --- | --- | --- | | do a judgement about the results | make a judgement about the results | do 的搭配面窄,只服务 harm、justice、research、duty 一类;判断类归 make / form | | take a decision to leave(英式可,美式少见) | reach a decision to leave | reach 强调过程与共识,跨语域最安全;take a decision 带英式机构色彩 | | give an impact on policy | have an impact on policy | impact 只与 have / exert / make 搭配,give 不进入这一格 | **常见误用** - **按中文逐字组装**:"提出建议"写成 raise a suggestion(应为 make a suggestion / put forward a proposal);"做研究"写成 do a research(research 不可数,且动词用 conduct)。中文的动词几乎都能对应英文弱动词,这正是陷阱所在。 - **介词跟着动词记**:take issue with 记成 take issue on,take account of 记成 take account for。介词错了,母语者会立刻感到"这个词组不成立",比用错时态更刺眼。 - **可数与不可数混用**:make progresses、take a responsibility(当"一项职责"时可数,当"总体责任"时不可数)、give advices。写完后单独扫一遍名词,比通读有效。 ## 四、句型与范例 | 句式骨架 | 用在哪 | 例句(中译) | | --- | --- | --- | | The review takes stock of X and finds that Y. | 综述开头,交代盘点范围 | The review takes stock of a decade of urban policy and finds that outcomes have diverged sharply.(该综述盘点了十年城市政策,发现结果分化明显。) | | It would be unfair to hold X accountable for Y alone. | 归因时留余地 | It would be unfair to hold head teachers accountable for results that reflect household income.(把反映家庭收入的结果只归责于校长并不公平。) | | X has made little headway on Y, despite Z. | 描述停滞,制造张力 | Regulators have made little headway on disclosure, despite repeated pledges.(尽管多次承诺,监管机构在信息披露上进展甚微。) | | A single measure cannot do justice to X. | 承认方法与对象的落差 | A single measure cannot do justice to the texture of classroom life.(单一指标无法充分呈现课堂生活的质地。) | | X has held steady at Y since Z. | 描述无变化的数据 | Waiting times have held steady at eleven weeks since 2021.(自 2021 年以来等候时间稳定在十一周。) | | Firms with X have a head start on Y. | 竞争分析 | Firms with proprietary data have a head start on rivals.(掌握专有数据的企业比对手领先一步。) | | To give X credit, they do acknowledge Y. | 批评中保留肯定 | To give the authors credit, they do acknowledge the limits of self-reported data.(平心而论,作者确实承认了自报数据的局限。) | | Delaying X raises the risk of Y. | 因果推断,强度适中 | Delaying maintenance raises the risk of failure at the worst possible moment.(推迟维护会提高在最糟时刻发生故障的风险。) | | Auditors take a dim view of X. | 引用第三方态度 | Auditors take a dim view of adjustments made after the books close.(审计人员对结账后做出的调整持否定态度。) | | The regulator gave notice of its intention to X. | 政策与合规叙述 | The regulator gave notice of its intention to tighten lending standards.(监管机构发出通知,表明将收紧放贷标准。) | 十句里有六句的主语是非人实体(the review、regulators、a single measure、waiting times)。这不是巧合:弱动词结构最擅长的就是把"谁做的"换成"什么在发生",让论述显得客观。但代价是施动者消失,所以在需要追责的段落里,要主动把 hold accountable 这类结构用回来。 ## 五、练习 **A 词汇与搭配(7 题)** 1. 判断并改:The team made a research on consumer behaviour. 2. 判断并改:The report takes stock on the last five years. 3. 判断并改:Higher fees give an impact on applications. 4. 填空(介词):Critics have taken issue ___ the way the sample was drawn. 5. 填空(介词):Providers will be held accountable ___ the outcomes they report. 6. 选词(do justice to / give credit):The chapter is short, but it ___ the difficulty of the question. 7. 语域:把 take a dim view of 换成学术语域的说法,保持句意。 **B 句法改写(5 题)** 8. 用 hold steady 改写:The number of applications has not changed much since 2020. 9. 用 make headway 改写:The negotiations have progressed very little on the funding question. 10. 用 do justice to 改写:One paragraph cannot fully show how complicated the dispute is. 11. 合并并压缩到 25 词内:The regulator has said it will act. It has not yet said when. This has raised the risk of delay. 12. 去掉过度名词化并保留一个弱动词结构:The holding of providers accountable for the reporting of outcomes is carried out by the scheme. **C 输出(1 题,300—400 词)** 13. 用矩阵中的 12 格写一段 300—400 词的"现状评估",主题自定(团队项目、行业趋势、政策执行皆可)。要求:12 组搭配中至少 10 组来自不同动词;含 1 处数据描述(hold steady 或 make headway)、1 处归责(hold accountable)、1 处保留肯定(give credit)。写完后统计:动词是否重复超过 3 次。 ## 六、参考答案 1. **conducted research into**(或 carried out research on)。research 不可数,不能用 a;介词 into / on 均可,into 更常见于"探究"。 2. **takes stock of**。stock 与 of 绑定,on 是受 take stock on 的类推干扰。 3. **have an impact on**。impact 的动词搭档是 have / exert / make,give 不进入。 4. **with**。take issue with 后接"被质疑的对象",with 不可换。 5. **for**。accountable for 接"负责的事";accountable to 接"向谁负责",两个介词都合法但意义不同。 6. **does justice to**。前半句是"篇幅短"的让步,后半句应是"尽管如此仍呈现了难度",语义指向充分呈现,不是给予肯定。 7. **view with concern / regard with concern**。take a dim view of 属媒体与商务语域,学术文本改用 regard with concern 或 view sceptically。 8. **Applications have held steady since 2020.**(原句 hasn't changed much 是口语化的否定描述,hold steady 直接给出"无波动"这一结论。) 9. **The negotiations have made little headway on funding.** 注意 headway 不可数,不能加 a;little 而非 a little,否则意思反转。 10. **One paragraph cannot do justice to the complexity of the dispute.** 原句的 how complicated 从句被压成名词短语,句子短了五词,评价力度更强。 11. **The regulator has given notice of its intention to act, without saying when, raising the risk of delay.**(24 词)分词短语 raising 承接后果,避免再起一句。 12. **The scheme holds providers accountable for the outcomes they report.** 原句 18 词压到 10 词;holds ... accountable 保留,report 回到动词,两处名词化(holding、reporting)删除。 13. **评分维度**:① 搭配准确(12 组错 3 组以上不及格,介词错同样计错);② 动词分布(同一弱动词不超过 3 次,超过说明矩阵没用起来);③ 三个必含功能是否到位(数据、归责、保留肯定);④ 语域一致。参考句:*Enrolment has held steady at 4,000, and the team has made little headway on retention; to give the tutors credit, they do now track drop-out weekly, though no one holds the vendor accountable for the missing data.* 一句里三个矩阵格,且各司其职——这是矩阵的真正用法:不是堆词,是按功能取件。 ## 七、今日输出与自查 | 检查项 | 合格线 | 我的结果 | | --- | --- | --- | | 矩阵格数 | 40 格有搭配,8 格留白且写明理由 | | | 10 句自造句 | 至少 8 句搭配正确(介词、冠词、单复数全对) | | | 场景差异 | 10 句中至少 8 句的场景与昨天原句不同 | | | 动词覆盖 | 10 句用到 6 个以上不同弱动词 | | 产出文件:`第02周_Day02_搭配矩阵.md`,含矩阵表、8 个空缺说明、10 句。把今天错的搭配抄进错句本,标注错在介词还是冠词。 ## 八、明日预告 Day 3 转向名词化的句法内部:动词句怎么改成名词句而不丢信息,以及什么样的名词化该被拆回动词。你会做 10 组正向改写和 5 组反向拆解,并解释字数为什么变。