# 英语中级 · 第 12 周 Day 1｜四十分钟写完初稿

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**今天学什么**

今天只做一件事：在 40 分钟里写完一篇 250 词的议论文，中途不查词典、不回改、不停下来润色。这是本周的主产出，也是三个月里第一次真正的限时写作——先把文章写完整，再谈写得好不好。今天不追求漂亮句子，只要求在不完美的状态下把四段搭起来：引言给立场，两段主体给理由和例子，一段让步接住反方，结论收住。写崩了也没关系，你拿到的是一份真实的初稿，明天按检查表逐条改，才有东西可改。

## 一、今日任务

| 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 读题定立场 | 8 min | 从第四节三个题目里挑一个，用一句英文写下立场，再用两个短语写下两条理由；不许写 This topic is important 这类空话 | 1 句立场 + 2 条理由 |
| 列五行提纲 | 5 min | 只写关键词，不写完整句：理由一 / 例子一 / 理由二 / 例子二 / 让步一句 | 5 行提纲 |
| 限时写作 | 40 min | 手机计时 40 分钟，关掉词典和翻译；写不动就换简单说法，写错划掉接着写，不回读 | 250 词初稿 |
| 标卡点 | 5 min | 在初稿上标三类地方：不知道英文怎么说的（?）、写到一半改主意的（→）、明显超时的段落（钟表符号） | 标注稿 |
| 归档 | 2 min | 存为 Day01_essay_draft.md，在文件末尾记下实际用时与词数 | 初稿文件 |

写作时最容易犯的错是「边写边改」：写到第三句觉得第一句不好，回头重写，四十分钟过去还在引言。今天的规则是单向的——只往前写。词不会就换词，句不会就拆成两句，例子想不起来就用一个普通的、你亲眼见过的场景。阅卷人和老板看的都是完成品，不是草稿的挣扎过程。

## 二、核心词汇与搭配

| 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句与翻译 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| stance | /stɑːns/（≈斯坦斯·长） | n. | 立场、态度 | take a stance on | The city has taken a clear stance on short-term rentals. 市里对短租明确了立场。 |
| grounds | /ɡraʊndz/（≈格劳恩德兹） | n. | 理由、依据 | grounds for；on what grounds | There are strong grounds for limiting class size. 限制班级人数有充分理由。 |
| concession | /kənˈseʃn/（≈克恩塞希恩） | n. | 让步 | make a concession | A short concession makes the essay more balanced. 一小段让步会让文章更平衡。 |
| outweigh | /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/（≈奥特韦） | v. | 超过、重于 | outweigh the benefits | For small firms, the costs outweigh the benefits. 对小公司来说，成本大于收益。 |
| compelling | /kəmˈpelɪŋ/（≈克姆佩利英） | adj. | 有说服力的 | a compelling argument | She made a compelling argument for a later start. 她为推迟开始时间给出了有力的论证。 |
| arguably | /ˈɑːɡjuəbli/ | adv. | 可以说、按理 | arguably the biggest risk | Arguably, the biggest risk is cost. 可以说，最大的风险是成本。 |
| address | /əˈdres/（≈厄德雷斯·轻） | v. | 处理、回应 | address the concern | The plan does not address the shortage of teachers. 这个方案没有回应师资短缺的问题。 |
| implication | /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/（≈伊姆普利凯希恩） | n. | 影响、含义 | the implications for | The implications for small teams are serious. 这对小团队的影响很严重。 |
| recommend | /ˌrekəˈmend/（≈雷克梅恩德） | v. | 建议 | recommend that + 原形 | We recommend that the city fund more buses. 我们建议市里增加公交投入。 |
| widespread | /ˈwaɪdspred/（≈怀德斯普雷德） | adj. | 广泛的 | widespread support | There is widespread support for the change. 这项改变得到广泛支持。 |

## 三、语法/语篇/语音点

**议论文里的三种时态，各管一件事**

观点、例子、预测在中文里都能用「会」「是」糊过去，英文必须分开。三条主规则加两条补充：

1. **观点和普遍事实用现在时**。I believe remote work saves time. / Many parents think homework is too heavy. 你此刻的立场是现在的事，不用过去时。
2. **举例用过去时**，尤其是「某一次、某一年」的具体事件。Last year my team tried a four-day week. / A 2019 study found that… 时间一旦封闭（last year、in 2019、when I was in college），就用一般过去时。
3. **预测和建议用 will / would / should**。Without a cap, rents will keep rising. / A shorter week would help small teams most. 不要用现在时讲未来，也不要 will 和 would 混着用。
4. **同一句里换时态要有信号词**。Last year we tested it, and now we use it every week. 有 last year 和 now，读者才知道你为什么换。
5. **现在完成时不用来讲一次具体经历**。它连接过去与现在，配 since、for、so far、over the past five years，不配 last Monday。

| 类型 | 错误 | 正确 | 原因 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 例子时态 | Last year my company has moved to a hybrid model. | Last year my company moved to a hybrid model. | last year 是封闭过去时间，不能与现在完成时连用 |
| 预测时态 | If the rule changes, rents rose quickly. | If the rule changes, rents will rise quickly. | 条件句主句讲未来结果，用 will |
| 立场时态 | I agreed that remote work is useful. | I agree that remote work is useful. | 立场是当下的，一用过去时就变成「我以前同意」 |

常见错误有三条，写完自己扫一遍就能抓到：**全篇现在时讲例子**，读者分不清哪句是观点、哪句是事实；**观点句误用过去时**，显得你写完就改主意了；**让步段时态跳来跳去**，前面用现在时承认反方，后面举例又忘了切回过去时。最省事的检查办法是拿笔在每句动词上点一下，同一段里出现两种时间，就问自己有没有信号词。

## 四、句型与范例

下面 8 句按引言到结论的顺序排，可以直接套进今天的初稿。

1. It is often argued that employers should let staff work from home. 常有人说，雇主应该允许员工在家办公。
2. I largely agree with this view, although I would qualify it for teamwork. 我大体同意，不过对团队协作的情况要加限定。
3. The first reason is time. 第一个理由是时间。
4. A case in point is my previous company, where commuting took two hours a day. 一个例子是我上一家公司，每天通勤两小时。
5. This shows that remote days do not move work home; they recover hours that were lost. 这说明远程日不是把工作搬回家，而是把丢掉的时间捡回来。
6. Admittedly, some tasks need people in the same room. 诚然，有些任务需要人在同一个房间。
7. Yet this does not mean the whole week must be spent in an office. 但这不意味着整周都得待在办公室。
8. In conclusion, the policy works only if teams decide together which days they meet. 总之，只有团队共同决定哪几天碰面，这个政策才行得通。

三个可选题目，选一个你觉得有话可说的，不要选「看起来高级」的：

- Some people think university students should study only subjects that lead to jobs. To what extent do you agree?
- Some people believe companies should let employees work from home three days a week. Do you agree or disagree?
- Some people think private cars should be banned from city centres. To what extent do you agree?

引言可以用这个骨架，四句话、约 45 词：现象一句，转折一句，立场一句，预告两句理由。立场句必须放在最后一句，而且必须「有人能反对」——写 The topic is important 或 It has two sides，等于没表态，明天检查表第一条就会把你打回来。

四十分钟怎么分，提前定死：读题与提纲 5 分钟，引言 5 分钟，两段主体各 11 分钟，让步 5 分钟，结论 3 分钟。最后留 5 分钟不写新内容，只把没写完的句子补完、把明显的拼写错划掉。时间一到就停笔，超时的部分不算分，还会让你在考场上丢掉检查的机会。

## 五、练习

**A 词汇与翻译（8 题）** 用括号里的词翻译整句。

1. 市里对一次性塑料明确了立场。（stance）
2. 限制广告有充分理由。（grounds）
3. 对小公司来说，成本大于收益。（outweigh）
4. 她为四天工作制给出了有力的论证。（compelling）
5. 可以说，最大的风险是时间。（arguably）
6. 这个方案没有回应教师的担忧。（address）
7. 我们建议先做三个月的试点。（recommend that）
8. 这项改变得到广泛支持，但对招聘的影响还不清楚。（widespread / implication）

**B 语法与改写（6 题）**

1. Last year the company has opened two new offices. → 改时态。
2. I believed that homework is necessary. → 改成现在立场的句子。
3. If the city builds more bike lanes, traffic improved. → 改主句时态。
4. 用现在时写一句普遍事实，再用过去时补一个 2018 年的研究作例子，合成两句话。
5. Many people think…（写一句能被反驳的立场句，不要用 important）。
6. 把下面两句并成一句，保留时态对比：We started the trial in March. We still use it now.

**C 输出（2 题）**

1. 限时 40 分钟，写 250 词议论文，题目从第四节三题中选一个。要求四段：引言（立场句在最后）、主体一、主体二（含一小段让步）、结论。写完记下实际用时。
2. 用 60 秒口头说出你的立场和两条理由，不看稿，录音存为 Day01_speak.m4a。

## 六、参考答案

**A**

1. The city has taken a clear stance on single-use plastics.
2. There are strong grounds for limiting advertising.
3. For small firms, the costs outweigh the benefits.
4. She made a compelling argument for a four-day week.
5. Arguably, the biggest risk is time.
6. The plan does not address teachers' concerns.
7. We recommend that we run a three-month pilot first.
8. There is widespread support for the change, but its implications for hiring are still unclear.

错题点：第 2 题 grounds 常用复数，介词固定用 for；第 5 题 arguably 放句首要用逗号隔开；第 7 题 recommend that 后面跟动词原形 run，不能写 runs；第 8 题 implication 指「可能带来的影响」，比 influence 更常用于政策与决策语境。

**B**

1. Last year the company opened two new offices.
2. I believe that homework is necessary.
3. If the city builds more bike lanes, traffic will improve.
4. Many office workers spend over an hour a day commuting. A 2018 study found that this time is rarely used for work.
5. 参考：Universities should teach academic subjects first, because job skills date faster than thinking skills.
6. We started the trial in March, and we still use it now.

第 1 题错在把封闭时间与现在完成时连用；第 3 题错在条件句主句用过去时讲未来；第 6 题的关键是用 and 加 now，让时态切换有信号。

**C 评分要点与参考范文（约 255 词）**

要点：立场句在引言最后一句且可被反驳；两段主体各有例子；让步段先承认再收回；全文 however 不超过 2 次；词数 240—270；语法错误 ≤ 4 处。

> It is often argued that employees should be allowed to work from home for part of the week. I largely agree with this view, although I would qualify it for work that depends on face-to-face contact.
>
> The first reason is time. For many office workers, commuting takes one to two hours a day, and that time is neither paid nor productive. A colleague of mine used to leave home at seven and reach her desk at nine. After her team moved to two remote days, she began using those hours for planning and for a language course. This shows that remote work does not simply move tasks home; it recovers time that was previously lost.
>
> The second reason concerns focus. Open offices are useful for quick questions but poor for deep work. When people stay home, they finish reports that would otherwise take three days. The gain is not comfort but continuity: one uninterrupted morning can be worth a week of short meetings.
>
> Admittedly, some tasks need people in the same room. New staff learn faster by watching others, and difficult negotiations rarely succeed on video. Yet this does not mean the whole week must be spent in an office; it means teams should agree on which days they meet.
>
> In conclusion, working from home benefits both sides, provided that teams plan their shared days instead of leaving them to chance.

## 七、今日输出与自查

| 检查项 | 标准 | 打勾 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 初稿文件 | Day01_essay_draft.md，240—270 词，四段齐全 |  |
| 用时 | 实际写作 ≤ 40 分钟，文件末尾记下分钟数与词数 |  |
| 立场句 | 在引言最后一句，能被反驳，不含 important / two sides |  |
| 卡点标注 | 至少 3 处，标出是词不会、改主意还是超时 |  |
| 练习正确率 | A + B 共 14 题，对 ≥ 11 题 |  |

## 八、明日预告

Day 2 把今天的初稿摊开，按本月综合检查表七条逐条过一遍，每改一处都写一句理由，产出一份修改稿和一张修改日志。今天写得粗糙不是问题，但要保证四段都在、立场清楚，否则明天无从下手。