# 英语中级 · 第 10 周 Day 4｜主体段二用对比

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**今天学什么**

今天写第二段主体，但不许再用举例论证。你要把两个对象或两种做法摆在一起比：一边得到什么，另一边付出什么，用 whereas、by contrast 把差别说清，最后用一句让步把对立面接住。对比论证比举例难，难在对称——比的两个东西必须同一维度，否则读者觉得你在偷换概念。学完你会有 90 词对比段，和 Day 3 的段落形成一正一反，全文骨架就立住了。

## 一、今日任务

| 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. 定第二理由 | 5 min | 取 Day 2 提纲卡上的理由二，用一句中文写清：这段要证明什么 | 一句中文主张 |
| 2. 选对比对象 | 10 min | 找出两个可以对比的群体或做法（老员工 / 新人、小学 / 中学、大城市 / 小城镇），确认它们在同一维度上 | 一对对比对象 |
| 3. 写主题句与解释 | 12 min | 主题句用 however 或 whereas 承接上段；解释句说清差别的来源 | 2 句 |
| 4. 写对比例证 | 13 min | 两边各给一个具体表现，数字或场景都行，句式尽量对称 | 2—3 句 |
| 5. 让步与回扣 | 12 min | 加一句 Admittedly…，再用 However… 拉回；回扣句点明差别为什么重要 | 2 句 |
| 6. 数字数与接缝 | 8 min | 数到 85—95 词；写一句衔接上段的过渡句，确认两段不重复 | 90 词段落 |

总时长 60 分钟。**今天的纪律是不写第三个对象**。对比只能两个，出现第三个人群，段落立刻散掉。如果你想说「还有一类人」，把它放进 Day 6 的修改清单，不要塞进这 90 词。

对比对象怎么选？看你的理由二在跟谁说话。如果理由一是「老员工省时间」，理由二自然是「新人反而更慢」，这两个群体天然成对，同一维度（时间与学习成本），写起来对称。如果理由二写成「居家办公减少办公室租金」，对象就变成公司，维度变成钱，和上一段不在一条线上，两段会像两篇作文。

对称不只是内容，也是句式。左边写 Experienced staff save two hours a day，右边最好也写 new hires lose…，不要一边用完整句、一边用短语。句式对称，读者才看得见差别在哪。

## 二、核心词汇与搭配

| 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| contrast | /ˈkɒntrɑːst/（≈科恩特拉斯特） | n./v. | 对比、对照 | by contrast；in contrast to… | By contrast, new hires lose the informal training. 相比之下，新人失去了非正式的训练。 |
| whereas | /ˌweərˈæz/（≈怀赖兹） | conj. | 而、然而（对比） | X …, whereas Y … | Senior staff save time, whereas juniors lose guidance. 老员工省时间，而新人失去指导。 |
| qualify | /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/（≈克沃利法） | v. | 给…加限定 | qualify a claim；qualify the statement | I would qualify that claim: it holds for senior staff only. 我要给这个说法加个限定：它只适用于老员工。 |
| outweigh | /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/（≈奥特韦） | v. | 重于、超过 | benefits outweigh costs；far outweigh | For this group, the costs outweigh the benefits. 对这个群体来说，代价大于好处。 |
| counterpart | /ˈkaʊntəpɑːt/（≈考恩特帕特） | n. | 对应的人或物 | their counterparts in…；the urban counterpart | New hires have no counterpart to the colleague next door. 新人没有「隔壁同事」这样的对应物。 |
| reverse | /rɪˈvɜːs/（≈里韦斯） | n./v. | 相反；颠倒 | the reverse is true；reverse a trend | For juniors, the reverse is true. 对新人来说，情况正好相反。 |
| trade-off | /ˈtreɪdɒf/（≈特雷多夫·短） | n. | 权衡、取舍 | a trade-off between A and B | There is a trade-off between flexibility and training. 灵活性与培训之间存在取舍。 |
| admittedly | /ədˈmɪtɪdli/（≈厄德米提德利） | adv. | 诚然、无可否认 | Admittedly, …；admittedly small | Admittedly, the saving is real for senior staff. 诚然，对老员工来说节省是真实的。 |
| comparison | /kəmˈpærɪsn/（≈克姆派里斯恩） | n. | 比较 | in comparison with…；a fair comparison | In comparison with seniors, juniors need more contact. 与老员工相比，新人需要更多接触。 |
| proportion | /prəˈpɔːʃn/（≈普若保希恩） | n. | 比例、部分 | a large proportion of…；in proportion to… | A large proportion of new hires leave in the first year. 很大比例的新人第一年就离职。 |

今天必须用出来的是 contrast、whereas、admittedly、reverse、trade-off 五个。contrast 和 whereas 是句式工具，admittedly 是让步开关，reverse 是你写「另一边正好相反」时最省力的词，trade-off 是回扣句里点明「有得必有失」的名词。

## 三、语法/语篇/语音点

**对比的两个对象必须同维度，连接词各有分工**

今天只讲一个点：对比怎么写才对称。写歪的对比段读起来像两段各说各话，原因通常是对象不同维度，或者连接词用错位置。

| 规则 | 说明 | 例子 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. 同一维度 | 比时间就两边都比时间，比钱就两边都比钱，不能一边比时间一边比心情 | **Senior staff save two hours a day, whereas new hires lose about an hour of informal training.** |
| 2. whereas / while 放句中 | 连接两个分句，前面逗号，后面直接跟第二个分句 | **Offices teach by overhearing, whereas home work teaches by reading.** |
| 3. by contrast 放句首 | 独立成句，后面逗号，用来开启新一句而不是连接两个分句 | **By contrast, new hires learn far less in their first month.** |
| 4. on the other hand 要有前半 | 前面必须已经出现 on the one hand，否则孤零零一句 | **On the one hand, seniors gain time; on the other hand, juniors lose guidance.** |
| 5. 让步后再转回 | Admittedly 接住对立面，However 立刻拉回，不要停在让步上 | **Admittedly, some juniors cope well. However, most need a colleague nearby.** |

**正误对比**

| 错误 | 正确 | 说明 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Seniors save time, whereas the office is expensive. | Seniors save time, whereas juniors lose daily guidance. | 前者两个分句不同维度，不构成对比 |
| By contrast, seniors save time, whereas juniors lose guidance. | Seniors save time, whereas juniors lose guidance. | by contrast 与 whereas 重复，留一个 |
| Admittedly, juniors struggle. | Admittedly, some juniors cope well. However, most need support. | 让步句后面必须转回，不能以让步收尾 |

**三个常见错误**

1. **对比变成了列举**。First, seniors… Second, juniors… 这是两段并列，不是对比。对比句里必须出现 whereas、than、by contrast、the reverse 这类「关系词」。
2. **两边不对称**。Senior staff with ten years of experience save two hours, whereas new people are slower. 左边给了资历和数字，右边只有一个形容词。要么两边都给数字，要么两边都不给。
3. **让步段写成倒戈**。Admittedly, home working is bad for everyone. 这一句把全文立场推翻了。让步只能让一小步：some、in the first month、for a small group。

## 四、句型与范例

| 句型 | 用法 | 例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Whereas X …, Y … | 句中对比，最正式 | Whereas seniors already know the shortcuts, juniors spend hours looking for them. 老员工知道捷径，新人却要花几小时去找。 |
| By contrast, … | 句首对比，另起一句 | By contrast, a new hire may learn two rules a week at home. 相比之下，新人居家一周可能只学到两条规则。 |
| The reverse is true for… | 说明情况正好相反 | The reverse is true for people in their first month. 对入职第一个月的人，情况正好相反。 |
| X costs twice as much as Y | 用倍数比，清楚有力 | Losing a junior costs a team far more than losing a desk. 失去一个新人，代价远高于失去一张办公桌。 |
| Admittedly, … However, … | 让步后转回 | Admittedly, some juniors adapt quickly. However, most need a colleague within reach. 诚然，有些新人适应很快；但多数人需要同事就在旁边。 |
| This difference matters because… | 回扣句，说明意义 | This difference matters because training is hardest to replace. 这个差别重要，因为培训最难替代。 |
| In comparison with…, … | 名词性对比，适合开头 | In comparison with seniors, juniors need twice as much contact. 与老员工相比，新人需要的接触多一倍。 |
| There is a trade-off between … and … | 点明取舍，收束全段 | There is a trade-off between flexibility and the training that only proximity gives. 灵活性与只有近距离才能提供的培训之间存在取舍。 |

**90 词范例（对比段）**

> [P] The same arrangement, however, works against new employees. [E1] Senior staff already know whom to ask, whereas juniors learn most of that by overhearing. [E2] In an office, a newcomer picks up perhaps ten small rules a week just by sitting nearby; at home, the same person may learn two. [E3] Admittedly, some adapt quickly. However, most need a colleague within reach. [L] The trade-off is clear: the time seniors gain is paid for by those who have just arrived.

五句 92 词。第一句用 however 接上段并给反向判断，第二句用 whereas 做句中对比，第三句用两个数字（十和两）把差别落地，第四句让步后立刻转回，第五句用 trade-off 收束。注意第四句的 Admittedly 只让了一小步（some），没有推翻立场。

写对比段时，先把两边的数字并排放，再决定用 whereas 还是 by contrast。数字并排之后，句子往往自己就对称了；反过来先写句子再找数字，容易写成一长一短。

## 五、练习

**A. 词汇与翻译（8 题）**

1. 相比之下，新人失去了非正式的训练。（contrast）
2. 老员工省时间，而新人失去指导。（whereas）
3. 我要给这个说法加个限定：它只适用于老员工。（qualify）
4. 对这个群体来说，代价大于好处。（outweigh）
5. 新人没有「隔壁同事」这样的对应物。（counterpart）
6. 对新人来说，情况正好相反。（reverse）
7. 灵活性与培训之间存在取舍。（trade-off）
8. 诚然，有些新人适应很快。（admittedly）

**B. 对比改写（6 题）**

1. 用 whereas 合并：Senior staff save two hours a day. New hires lose an hour of guidance.
2. 用 By contrast 改写：Offices teach by overhearing. Home work teaches by reading.
3. 修不对称：Seniors with ten years' experience save two hours, whereas new people are slower.
4. 给下面加一句让步再转回：Home working is clearly bad for new hires.
5. 用 The reverse is true for… 改写：New hires do not gain time; they lose guidance.
6. 用 trade-off 写一句回扣句（主题：灵活性与培训）。

**C. 输出（1 题 + 1 句）**

写 90 词（85—95）对比段一段，四要素齐全，必须含 whereas 或 by contrast 至少一个、Admittedly 一句。写进 Day04_主体段二.md。另外写一句 20 词以内的过渡句，放在这段开头之前，用来接 Day 3 的段落。

## 六、参考答案

**A.**

1. By contrast, new hires lose the informal training.
2. Senior staff save time, whereas juniors lose guidance.
3. I would qualify that claim: it holds for senior staff only.
4. For this group, the costs outweigh the benefits.
5. New hires have no counterpart to the colleague next door.
6. For juniors, the reverse is true.
7. There is a trade-off between flexibility and training.
8. Admittedly, some new hires adapt quickly.

错题点：第 3 题 qualify 后接 claim / statement，不接 opinion of；第 4 题 outweigh 是及物动词，直接接宾语。

**B.** 参考。

1. Senior staff save two hours a day, whereas new hires lose an hour of guidance.
2. Offices teach by overhearing. By contrast, home work teaches by reading.
3. Seniors with ten years' experience save two hours a day, whereas new hires lose about an hour of guidance.
4. Admittedly, a few new hires manage on their own. However, most need someone to ask.
5. New hires do not gain time. The reverse is true: they lose guidance.
6. There is a trade-off between flexibility for seniors and training for juniors.

错题点：第 2 题 by contrast 后面不能再加 whereas；第 4 题让步句必须跟 However，否则立场被让没了。

**C. 评分要点**

- 四要素齐全，且主题句与上段形成反向关系（6 分）。
- 两个对象同一维度，句式大致对称（4 分）。
- 含 whereas 或 by contrast，且位置正确（3 分）。
- 让步句只让一小步，且后面转回（3 分）。
- 词数 85—95（2 分）。
- 总分 18 分，14 分以上算过。

## 七、今日输出与自查

| 检查项 | 达标线 | 怎么查 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 段落文件 | Day04_主体段二.md，85—95 词 | 数字数 |
| 对比对称 | 两边同一维度，各有一个具体表现 | 左右并排读，看是否一长一短 |
| 连接词 | whereas / by contrast 至少一个，位置正确 | 看标点：whereas 前逗号，by contrast 后逗号 |
| 让步 | 有 Admittedly，且后面有 However 转回 | 找这两个词 |
| 过渡句 | 一句 ≤ 20 词，能接上 Day 3 段落 | 两段连着读一遍 |

自查第二项时，把两边的句子竖着抄成两列。如果左边一行、右边三行，说明不对称。对比段的说服力，一半来自这种视觉上的整齐。

## 八、明日预告

Day 5 把两段装进全文：补 40 词引言（改写题目 + 明确立场）和 30 词结论（重申立场 + 一句延伸），凑到 220 词。今天的两段是成品，明天不要重写，只写头尾，再检查三段之间有没有接缝。