# 英语中级 · 第 10 周 Day 2｜三题提纲与立场

> 系列：语种学习 / 英语 / 中级 · 每日学习｜AI生成｜2026-10-27｜codebuddy

**今天学什么**

今天解决「读完题目脑子空白」的问题。办法不是硬想观点，是先拆题：把题目拆成话题、限定、问法三块，立场自然就出来了。你要给三个题目各写一句立场和两条理由，不展开、不举例、不写成段，只做提纲卡。这一步看着最不像写作，却决定后面 220 词的走向——立场歪了，例子再漂亮也是白写。学完你会有三张提纲卡，Day 3 写主体段时直接从卡上取理由，不用再对着题目发呆。

## 一、今日任务

| 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. 拆题 | 12 min | 三个题目各划三样：话题词（谈什么）、限定词（对谁、在哪、什么时候）、问法（agree / outweigh / discuss both） | 每题一行拆解 |
| 2. 写立场句 | 13 min | 每题写一句英文立场，必须回应问法；先写中文想清楚，再译成一句英文 | 3 句立场 |
| 3. 配两条理由 | 15 min | 每题写两条理由，每条一个名词短语加一句 because；两条理由必须不同层次 | 6 条理由 |
| 4. 查重叠 | 6 min | 逐题问：两条理由能不能互换顺序？能，说明是同一条；不能，才算两个理由 | 修改后的理由 |
| 5. 做提纲卡 | 4 min | 每题一张卡：题目关键词、立场句、理由一、理由二，控制在 40 词内 | 3 张提纲卡 |

总时长 50 分钟。**今天不写例子，也不写引言**。理由后面只允许跟一句 because，写完就停。中级写作者最常见的问题不是没想法，是想法一展开就收不住，写到第三句已经跑到另一个论点去了。提纲卡的作用是先把边界画好。

三个题目用下面这组，也可以换成你手上的真题，但必须一个 agree/disagree、一个 outweigh、一个 discuss both views，三种问法各练一次：

1. Some people think university education should be free for everyone. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2. Many companies now allow employees to work from home. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
3. Some people believe that children should start learning a foreign language at primary school rather than at secondary school. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

拆题时最容易漏的是限定词。第 1 题的限定是 for everyone——不是「大学该不该免费」，而是「对所有人免费」。这两个题目立场可以完全不同：你可以支持低收入家庭免费，但反对所有人免费。第 2 题的限定是 now，暗示这是正在发生的变化，例子最好用近几年的。第 3 题有两个对象（小学、中学）和一个附加要求（给你自己的观点），只讨论两边不给观点，任务只完成一半。

## 二、核心词汇与搭配

| 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| assert | /əˈsɜːt/（≈厄塞特） | v. | 断言、主张 | assert that…；assert a claim | The essay asserts that free tuition mainly helps middle-income families. 文章主张免学费主要惠及中等收入家庭。 |
| stance | /stɑːns/（≈斯坦斯·长） | n. | 立场、态度 | take a stance on…；a clear stance | Your stance should appear in the first paragraph. 你的立场应出现在第一段。 |
| outline | /ˈaʊtlaɪn/（≈奥特莱恩） | n./v. | 提纲；概述 | an essay outline；outline two reasons | I outlined three prompts in fifty minutes. 我五十分钟拆了三个题目。 |
| justify | /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/（≈扎斯提法） | v. | 证明…正当 | justify the cost；justify a decision | It is hard to justify free tuition for every family. 很难证明对每个家庭都免学费是合理的。 |
| paraphrase | /ˈpærəfreɪz/（≈派若夫雷兹） | v./n. | 改写、转述 | paraphrase the question；a rough paraphrase | Paraphrase the prompt; do not copy it. 改写题目，不要照抄。 |
| prompt | /prɒmpt/（≈普罗姆普特·短） | n. | 题目、提示 | the essay prompt；read the prompt twice | Read the prompt twice before you decide. 决定立场前把题目读两遍。 |
| scope | /skəʊp/（≈斯科普） | n. | 范围 | narrow the scope；beyond the scope of… | Keep the scope small enough for two paragraphs. 把范围收小到两段能写完。 |
| overlap | /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/（≈欧弗莱普·轻） | v. | 重叠 | the reasons overlap；overlapping ideas | If the two reasons overlap, you only have one. 如果两条理由重叠，你其实只有一条。 |
| arguable | /ˈɑːɡjuəbl/ | adj. | 有争议的、可论证的 | an arguable point；it is arguable that… | A good stance is arguable, not obvious. 好立场是可争议的，不是显而易见的。 |

这九个词里，assert、stance、justify、overlap 四个是今天写提纲的工作词：stance 是你写的东西，assert 是你写它的动作，justify 是理由要做的事，overlap 是你要避免的毛病。outline 既是名词也是动词，写提纲叫 outline an essay，提纲本身叫 an outline，两个都要会用。

## 三、语法/语篇/语音点

**立场句：一句话说清你站哪边，站到什么程度**

今天只讲一个点：怎么写出合格的立场句。立场句不是「我觉得这个话题很重要」，也不是「这个问题有两面」，而是一句可辩、有程度、回应问法的判断。

| 规则 | 说明 | 例子 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. 先回应问法 | agree/disagree 给明确态度；outweigh 明确哪边更重；discuss both 先两边再给观点 | 问法 outweigh：**The benefits of home working clearly outweigh its costs for experienced staff.** |
| 2. 一句只放一个立场 | 立场句里出现 on the one hand… on the other hand 就等于没有立场 | 改前：**It has both advantages and disadvantages.** 改后：**Its advantages outweigh its disadvantages for senior staff.** |
| 3. 标出程度 | largely、mainly、only when、in the long run 让立场可信，也让论证有边界 | **Free tuition is justified, but only for students from low-income families.** |
| 4. 不用 I think 开头 | 议论文的立场靠论证支撑，不靠「我认为」；需要第一人称时用 I would argue that | **I would argue that the money is better spent on primary schools.** |
| 5. 不预告文章结构 | This essay will discuss both sides and then give my opinion 是空句，占字数不给信息 | 直接给判断，结构由段落自然体现 |

**正误对比**

| 错误 | 正确 | 说明 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of home working. | Home working benefits experienced staff far more than it costs them. | 前者只报结构，没有立场 |
| I think free university is good for society. | Free university is justified for low-income students because it widens access. | 前者太笼统，没有对象也没有理由方向 |
| While primary school is better for pronunciation, secondary school is better for grammar, so both are good. | Starting at primary school does more for long-term fluency, though it needs trained teachers. | 「两边都好」不是立场，必须选边并给条件 |

**三个常见错误**

1. **立场和题目问法错位**。题目问 outweigh，你只写 agree，读者不知道你比较了什么。看到 outweigh，立场句里必须出现 outweigh、greater than 或 more… than。
2. **立场太绝对**。Everyone should、all companies must、never 这类词会让论证无法收尾，因为你只需要一个反例就被推翻。加 mainly、in most cases、for larger firms 就稳了。
3. **两条理由是同一件事**。理由一「省时间」，理由二「不用通勤」，这不是两条，是一条。检验方法：把两条理由的标签写成两个名词（time、fairness），如果两个名词指向同一件事，重写。

## 四、句型与范例

| 句型 | 用法 | 例句 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I would argue that… | 有立场但不生硬的开场 | I would argue that free tuition should be limited to low-income students. 我认为免学费应限于低收入学生。 |
| While … , the benefits clearly outweigh … | 让步加比较，专治 outweigh 题 | While home working can isolate new staff, its benefits clearly outweigh this cost. 居家办公可能让新人孤立，但好处明显大于这一代价。 |
| This essay argues that … mainly because … | 立场加第一个理由，一句话起头 | This essay argues that early language learning pays off mainly because children imitate sounds easily. 本文主张早学语言有回报，主要因为儿童模仿发音容易。 |
| My position is that … , though only when … | 立场加条件，显得成熟 | My position is that the policy works, though only when teachers are trained. 我的立场是这项政策有效，但前提是教师受过培训。 |
| The main reason is that… | 理由一 | The main reason is that commuting time is unpaid. 主要理由是通勤时间没有报酬。 |
| A second reason concerns… | 理由二，换层次 | A second reason concerns fairness between families. 第二个理由涉及家庭之间的公平。 |
| The two reasons work at different levels: one is about money, the other about access. | 说明两条理由不重叠 | 两条理由不在一个层面：一个关于钱，一个关于入学机会。 |
| Rather than …, the money should go to … | 反建议式立场 | Rather than making all degrees free, the money should go to primary schools. 与其让所有学位免费，不如把钱投到小学。 |

**三张提纲卡示例（每题 40 词内）**

> **Card 1｜Free university for everyone?** Stance: free tuition is justified, but only for low-income students. R1: it widens access for families who cannot pay. R2: making it free for all would mainly subsidise richer households.
>
> **Card 2｜Home working: more good than harm?** Stance: benefits outweigh costs for experienced staff. R1: commuting time turns into work or rest. R2: new hires lose the informal training that an office gives.
>
> **Card 3｜Primary vs secondary language start?** Stance: primary is better in the long run. R1: young children pick up pronunciation faster. R2: secondary school has better-trained teachers and clearer goals.

注意三张卡的立场都带程度或条件：only for、for experienced staff、in the long run。这不是含糊，是把论证范围提前定好。写到主体段时，你只需要证明这个有限范围内的判断，不用证明一个放之四海皆准的结论。

## 五、练习

**A. 词汇与翻译（8 题）**

用括号里的词把中文译成英文。

1. 文章主张免学费主要惠及中等收入家庭。（assert）
2. 你的立场应该在第一段就出现。（stance）
3. 我五十分钟拆了三个题目。（outline）
4. 很难证明对每个家庭都免学费是合理的。（justify）
5. 改写题目，不要照抄。（paraphrase）
6. 决定立场前把题目读两遍。（prompt）
7. 把范围收小到两段能写完。（scope）
8. 如果两条理由重叠，你其实只有一条。（overlap）

**B. 立场句改写（6 题）**

1. 把 This essay will discuss both sides. 改成有立场的句子（题目：home working）。
2. 把 It has advantages and disadvantages. 改成 outweigh 句式。
3. 给 Free university is good. 加上限定范围和程度。
4. 把 I think primary school is better. 改成不用 I think 的立场句。
5. 把 Children should never use phones. 改得不那么绝对。
6. 题目问 discuss both views，写一句「两边各一句 + 自己观点」的立场句（题目：小学 vs 中学开始学外语）。

**C. 输出（1 题，3 张卡）**

给你自己选的三个题目各做一张提纲卡：题目关键词、一句立场（英文）、两条理由（英文各一句，含 because）。三张卡合计不超过 120 词，写进 Day02_三题提纲.md。不要写例子，不要写引言。

## 六、参考答案

**A.**

1. The essay asserts that free tuition mainly helps middle-income families.
2. Your stance should appear in the first paragraph.
3. I outlined three prompts in fifty minutes.
4. It is hard to justify free tuition for every family.
5. Paraphrase the prompt; do not copy it.
6. Read the prompt twice before you decide.
7. Narrow the scope so that two paragraphs can cover it.
8. If the two reasons overlap, you only have one.

错题点：第 1 题 assert 后接 that 从句，不接 about；第 8 题 overlap 是不及物动词，不能说 overlap each other 时加 with 也可，但最自然的是 the reasons overlap。

**B.** 参考，不唯一。

1. Home working benefits experienced staff more than it costs them.
2. The advantages of home working outweigh its disadvantages for senior employees.
3. Free university is justified mainly for students from low-income families.
4. Starting a foreign language at primary school does more for long-term fluency.
5. Children should spend less time on phones before they finish primary school.
6. Primary school gives children better pronunciation, while secondary school offers stronger grammar teaching; on balance, an early start is worth the cost.

错题点：第 2 题必须出现比较结构，否则没有回答 outweigh；第 6 题两边各一句后必须落到 on balance 或 I would argue，否则只是复述。

**C. 评分要点**

- 三张卡各有一句立场，且回应了问法（agree / outweigh / discuss both）（6 分）。
- 每题两条理由不在同一层次，能用一个名词区分（6 分）。
- 立场有程度或条件词，不出现 everyone、never 这类绝对表达（3 分）。
- 总词数不超过 120，没有例子和引言内容（2 分）。
- 总分 17 分，13 分以上算过。

## 七、今日输出与自查

| 检查项 | 达标线 | 怎么查 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 提纲文件 | Day02_三题提纲.md，3 张卡，合计 ≤ 120 词 | 数字数，超了就删形容词 |
| 问法回应 | 3 句立场分别对应 agree、outweigh、discuss both | 每题旁标问法类型 |
| 理由不重叠 | 每题两条理由能用两个不同名词概括 | 写出两个名词再看 |
| 立场程度 | 3 句里至少 2 句带 mainly / only when / in the long run 类限定 | 圈限定词 |
| 时间 | 50 分钟，含改理由的 6 分钟 | 记录实际用时 |

自查重点是第三项。理由重叠是提纲阶段最隐蔽的错误，因为两条都「说得通」，写起来才发现第二段没话讲。发现重叠就换层次：一条讲个人（时间、钱、机会），一条讲社会或组织（公平、成本、关系）。

## 八、明日预告

Day 3 开始写第一段主体。你会从今天三张卡里挑一张，把理由一写成 90 词段落：主题句、解释、例证、回扣四块齐全，例子必须带数字或具体场景，例子后必须有一句 This shows that…。今天的提纲卡就是明天的施工图，卡上理由写虚了，明天段落一定空。