# 英语中级 · 第 9 周 Day 5|删抄换词自查 > 系列:语种学习 / 英语 / 中级 · 每日学习|AI生成|2026-10-27|codebuddy **今天学什么** 今天不写新东西,只改昨天那 100 词。摘要最容易失分的地方不是语法,是「看起来像从原文剪下来的」:连续五个词一样,哪怕你理解了,也算抄。今天做三件事——逐词比对找出重合、用四种改写手术换掉它、补上句与句之间的指代。改完你要拿出一份能通过「无 5 词连续重合」检查的修改稿,并且能说清每一处为什么改。改稿比写稿更能长本事,因为你能看见自己的默认写法。 ## 一、今日任务 | 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 逐词比对 | 14 min | 摘要与原文并排,逐句找连续 5 词以上的重合,用荧光笔标出,不放过介词短语 | 重合清单 | | 四种手术 | 14 min | 对每处重合选一种改法:换词性、换主语、换语序、压缩从句;改完回读确认原意未变 | 改写句 | | 同义储备 | 10 min | 为初稿里重复出现的 6 个动词各准备 1 个替换,注意搭配,不生造 | 6 组替换 | | 补衔接 | 10 min | 三句之间加 this claim、these findings 一类指代;删掉多余的 however、moreover | 衔接标注 | | 复读定稿 | 8 min | 出声读,数词数,统计修改处数,把每处理由写进记录表 | 修改稿 + 记录 | 为什么是 5 个词?因为三个词的短语人人都会撞(in the long run),五个词连续相同,基本只能是从原文搬过来的,而不是巧合。这条线是硬的:宁可意思稍微绕一点,也不要留一整块原文。阅卷人和职场审稿人未必逐字比对,但他们对「这段读起来像原文」非常敏感。 45 分钟里,前 12 分钟最枯燥也最关键。人眼对「自己写的句子」有滤镜,读三遍都觉得是自己的话。解决办法是机械比对:把原文那句复制到摘要下面,一行一行对,而不是凭感觉。 ## 二、核心词汇与搭配 今天的词都服务于改写:换词性、换主语时,靠它们撑住句子的正式度。 | 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句(含翻译) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | rise | /raɪz/(≈赖兹) | n. | 上升、增长 | a sharp rise in;the rise of | The **rise** in rents pushed workers out.(租金上涨把劳动者挤走了。) | | decline | /dɪˈklaɪn/(≈迪克莱恩·短) | n. / v. | 下降;拒绝 | a steady decline in | The **decline** in sales began in March.(销售下滑始于三月。) | | draw criticism | /krɪtɪsɪzəm/(≈克里提西泽姆) | phr. | 招致批评 | draw criticism from | The plan has **drawn criticism** from shop owners.(该计划招致店主批评。) | | stem from | /stem frɒm/ | phr. v. | 源于 | stem from a shortage | The delay **stems from** a lack of drivers.(延误源于缺少司机。) | | account for | /əˈkaʊnt fɔː/ | phr. v. | 占(比例);解释 | account for 30% of | Rents **account for** half of the increase.(租金占涨幅的一半。) | | workforce | /ˈwɜːkfɔːs/(≈韦克福斯) | n. | 劳动力、员工总数 | a skilled workforce | The company's **workforce** has doubled.(公司员工数翻了一番。) | | widespread | /ˈwaɪdspred/(≈怀德斯普雷德) | adj. | 广泛的 | widespread support | There is **widespread** support for the rule.(该规则得到广泛支持。) | | achieve | /əˈtʃiːv/(≈厄奇夫) | v. | 达到、实现 | achieve its aims | The policy did not **achieve** its aims.(该政策没有达到目的。) | | rather than | /ˈrɑːðə ðæn/ | phr. | 而不是 | X rather than Y | Firms judge results **rather than** hours.(企业看结果而非工时。) | | to some extent | /tə sʌm ɪkˈstent/ | phr. | 在一定程度上 | to some extent, … | **To some extent**, both sides are right.(在一定程度上,双方都对。) | 名词化有三条边界:不把简单动词硬变名词(say 不要写成 the saying);不在一个句子里连用两个以上抽象名词;不把动作的主语弄丢(the reduction of costs by the firm 不如 the firm cut costs 清楚)。改写的目标是换掉原句的皮,不是把句子改难。 改写时优先用名词形式:原文说 prices rose sharply,摘要写 the sharp rise in prices。名词化让句子更紧凑,也天然避开与原句的动词重合。但别过度——一段里四个名词化短语,读起来像公文。 ## 三、语篇点:四种改写手术 **五条规则** 1. 判定标准是连续 5 个词相同,不是「意思一样」。介词短语最容易撞车:in the last five years、according to the report,这类整块要换。 2. 手术一,换词性:动词变动词名词(rose → the rise)、形容词变名词(failed → the failure)、从句变短语。 3. 手术二,换主语:原文以物作主语,摘要改成作者、研究、数据作主语;或反过来,把作者隐去,让证据说话。 4. 手术三,换语序:主动变被动、原因从句变结果主语(Because demand fell, prices dropped → The drop in prices followed weaker demand)。 5. 数字、机构名、专业术语不换。把 tariff 换成 tax、把 GDP 换成 output,不是改写,是失真。 改的顺序也有讲究:先删(把不必要的形容词、副词删掉,句子短了,重合自然少),再换(换词性或换主语),最后补(补指代和逻辑)。反过来先补后删,你会把刚加的词又删掉,白忙一轮。 **正误对比** | 原文 | 照抄版 | 改写版 | | --- | --- | --- | | Prices rose sharply in the last five years. | Prices rose sharply in the last five years. | The past five years brought a sharp rise in prices. | | Critics say the plan is too weak. | Critics say the plan is too weak. | The plan has drawn criticism for being too weak. | | Because demand fell, the company cut 200 jobs. | Because demand fell, the company cut 200 jobs. | The company cut 200 jobs after demand fell. | **三个常见错误** - 只换形容词,动词和句序原封不动。连续五词重合多半还在,等于没改。 - 为了不一样而生造搭配,写出 make a decline、do a criticism。改写的前提是搭配仍然成立。 - 把术语换掉求「高级」,结果读者不知道你在说哪个政策。术语和数字是摘要的锚,不能动。 ## 四、句型与范例:八种改写模板 | 原文说法 | 改写模板 | 例句 | 中文 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | X rose sharply | The sharp rise in X … | The sharp rise in rents pushed workers out. | 租金大幅上涨把劳动者挤走了。 | | X fell | X saw a steady decline | The sector saw a steady decline in orders. | 该行业订单持续下滑。 | | People criticised X | X drew criticism for … | The rule drew criticism for its cost. | 该规则因成本招致批评。 | | Because A, B | B stems from A | The shortage stems from poor planning. | 短缺源于规划不善。 | | X is 30% of Y | X accounts for 30% of Y | Rent accounts for half of the increase. | 租金占涨幅的一半。 | | The company has 200 staff | Its workforce stands at 200 | Its workforce stands at 200. | 其员工数为两百。 | | Many people think … | There is a widespread view that … | There is a widespread view that fees are unfair. | 普遍认为收费不公。 | | X did not succeed | X did not achieve its aims | The policy did not achieve its aims. | 该政策未达目的。 | 八种模板不要在一篇摘要里全用。一篇 100 词的摘要,用到三四种就够;全用上会显得每句都在变换姿势,读起来累。挑的原则是:哪种最能缩短句子,用哪种。摘要的第一美德是清楚,第二才是不同。 ## 五、练习 **A 改写(8 题)** 不改变意思,用括号里的提示改写,确保与原句没有连续 5 词重合。 1. Prices rose sharply last year.(用 the sharp rise) 2. The government cut spending by 10%.(用 a 10% cut) 3. Critics say the rule is too strict.(用 draw criticism) 4. Because the port closed, deliveries stopped.(用 stem from) 5. Housing accounts for 40% of the index.(改成 the index is…) 6. The company employs 500 people.(用 workforce) 7. Many people believe the fee is unfair.(用 widespread) 8. The plan failed to reach its target.(用 achieve) **B 找重合(6 题)** 下面每句摘要与原文有连续 5 词以上重合,指出重合片段并改写。 1. 原文:The hours saved were often spent on extra meetings. 摘要:The hours saved were often spent on extra meetings. 2. 原文:The government has pledged to cut emissions by 2030. 摘要:The government has pledged to cut emissions by 2030, but progress is slow. 3. 原文:Small firms are more likely to cut training budgets. 摘要:Small firms are more likely to cut training budgets in a downturn. 4. 原文:There is little evidence that the ban reduced accidents. 摘要:There is little evidence that the ban reduced accidents. 5. 原文:The report attributes the fall to weaker demand. 摘要:The report attributes the fall to weaker demand from abroad. 6. 原文:Managers set explicit targets for each team. 摘要:Managers set explicit targets for each team every quarter. **C 输出(2 题)** 1. 把 Day 4 的初稿改成修改稿:改的时候另存一份,不要覆盖初稿——对比两版,你才知道自己改掉了什么习惯。100 词以内,三句结构不变,与原文无连续 5 词重合,至少用出 3 个本周核心词。 2. 做一张修改记录表,至少 8 行:原句 / 改后 / 用了哪种手术 / 为什么改。表比稿子重要,它是你下次写摘要时的检查清单。 ## 六、参考答案 **A** 1. Last year brought **a sharp rise** in prices.(名词化,主语换成时间) 2. **A 10% cut** in spending was announced.(动词变名词,主语省略) 3. The rule **has drawn criticism** for being too strict.(criticise 变动词短语,形容词保留) 4. The halt in deliveries **stems from** the port closure.(原因从句变名词短语) 5. **The index is 40% housing.**(换主语,比例改成表语) 6. **Its workforce stands at 500.**(employ 变 workforce,数字保留) 7. **There is widespread** belief that the fee is unfair.(Many people believe 变 there is 结构) 8. The plan did not **achieve** its target.(fail to reach 变 achieve,目标词保留) **B** 1. 整句重合。改:Saved commuting time tended to go into more meetings. 2. 重合 "has pledged to cut emissions by 2030"。改:The government has promised to lower emissions by 2030, though progress is slow. 3. 重合 "are more likely to cut training budgets"。改:Training budgets are the first thing small firms trim in a downturn. 4. 重合 "little evidence that the ban reduced accidents"。改:Few studies show that the ban made roads safer. 5. 重合 "attributes the fall to weaker demand"。改:The report puts the fall down to softer demand from abroad. 6. 重合 "set explicit targets for each team"。改:Each team was given clear targets by its manager. **C 参考修改稿(81 词)** The article argues that remote work delivers smaller time savings than promised, because the hours freed from commuting tend to go into more meetings.(24)Drawing on a survey of 12,000 employees, the author shows that output improved only where managers set clear targets, and puts the gap down to how work is measured rather than where it happens.(34)The implication is that, without a consensus on measurement, firms should judge staff by results rather than hours online.(19) 如果改完发现词数反而变多,多半是名词化时加了多余的修饰。压缩的办法是删掉「of the fact that」「in terms of」这类填充结构,它们不承载信息,只占词数。100 词的摘要里,每一个功能词都该有活干。 评分要点:三句仍各司其职;数字与术语保留;attribute … to 若使用,方向不能反;改写后句子不能被读成另一个意思。修改记录表里「为什么改」要写具体,比如「避免与原文第二段重合」,不要写「让它更好」。 ## 七、今日输出与自查 | 检查项 | 标准 | 完成 | | --- | --- | --- | | 重合 | 与原文无连续 5 词相同,逐句比对过 | □ | | 词数 | ≤ 100 词,三句结构未变 | □ | | 用词 | 至少 3 个本周核心词,搭配正确 | □ | | 记录 | 修改记录表 ≥ 8 行,每行有手术类型与理由 | □ | | 存档 | 存为 Day05_摘要修改稿.md,附记录表 | □ | 自查时把初稿和修改稿并排读一遍。如果两版读起来意思有差,说明某处改写动了逻辑,回去只改那一句,不要整段重写,整段重写通常会把已经改对的地方又改回原样。 ## 八、明日预告 Day 6 是复盘日,不加新内容。两件事:从 Day 2 的十句里挑最难的 5 句重拆一遍,看当时的错误是不是还在;然后遮住中文默写 8 个核心词,要求搭配一起写对。今天改稿时发现的介词问题,明天默写会再考一次——同一个错犯两遍,才算真问题。复盘不是重学,是把已经错过的位置重新走一遍,走对了才挪到下一周。明天的默写限时 15 分钟,写完立刻对答案,不要拖到晚上。