# 英语中级 · 第 9 周 Day 2|四步法拆长句 > 系列:语种学习 / 英语 / 中级 · 每日学习|AI生成|2026-10-27|codebuddy **今天学什么** 今天不写摘要,只解决一个更基础的问题:句子为什么读不懂。答案通常不是生词多,而是主干被修饰语埋住了——主语和谓语隔着二十个词,你在中间就迷路了。今天用四步法拆 10 个长句:先找谓语定骨架,再把从句和分词括起来,然后看连接词决定这块修饰挂在哪,最后按中文习惯重排。拆完你要拿到 10 句主干,判断对 8 句以上,这 10 句就是明天造句和 Day 4 写摘要的原料。 ## 一、今日任务 | 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 选句 | 8 min | 回到昨天那篇文章,挑 10 个 20 词以上的句子,优先选主题句和你看两遍还没懂的 | 10 个句子编号 | | 第 1 步:找谓语 | 12 min | 每句先圈出所有动词,再排除 to do、doing、done 和从句里的动词,剩下的才是主句谓语;写出主语 + 谓语 | 10 组主谓 | | 第 2 步:括修饰 | 15 min | 用括号把定语从句、分词短语、插入语、同位语分别括起,括号旁写「修饰谁」 | 10 句括注 | | 第 3—4 步:连与还原 | 18 min | 标出 although / which / that / while 的归属,每句写一句中文,逻辑关系不能丢 | 10 句中文 | | 自评 | 7 min | 对照原文或参考解析核对主干,错的用红笔写错因:谓语找错 / 修饰挂错 / 逻辑丢 | 正确率记录 | 十句怎么挑也有讲究:5 句挑主题句和段首句,3 句挑含 which / that 的定语从句,2 句挑你怎么读都读不顺的。前者是文章骨架,后两者是你真实的知识漏洞。全挑简单的句子,练完等于没练。 四步里最值钱的是第一步。谓语一错,后面全错:你会把从句的谓语当主句谓语,然后得出一个语法上说得通、意思上完全跑偏的主干。所以今天允许你在找谓语上多花时间,宁可慢。 ## 二、核心词汇与搭配 今天的词都是「转述别人说了什么」用的,写摘要第一句时绕不开。 | 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句(含翻译) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | argue | /ˈɑːɡjuː/(≈阿格尤) | v. | 主张、论证 | argue that …;argue for / against | The author **argues** that the tax has failed.(作者主张这项税已经失败。) | | suggest | /səˈdʒest/(≈瑟哲斯特·轻) | v. | 表明、暗示 | the data suggest that … | The data **suggest** that demand has peaked.(数据表明需求已见顶。) | | acknowledge | /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/(≈厄克诺利知) | v. | 承认 | acknowledge that …;acknowledge a problem | The report **acknowledges** that costs rose.(报告承认成本上升了。) | | challenge | /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/(≈柴利恩知·短) | v. | 质疑、挑战 | challenge the view that … | The study **challenges** the view that remote work saves time.(该研究质疑远程办公省时的说法。) | | attribute A to B | /əˈtrɪbjuːt/(≈厄特里布尤特) | v. | 把 A 归因于 B | attribute sth to sth | Analysts **attribute** the rise **to** lower tariffs.(分析人士把上涨归因于关税下调。) | | constraint | /kənˈstreɪnt/(≈克恩斯特雷恩特) | n. | 限制条件 | a budget constraint;time constraints | The plan ignores one obvious **constraint**: money.(该计划忽视了一个明显限制:钱。) | | robust | /rəʊˈbʌst/(≈罗巴斯特·短) | adj. | 稳健的、有力的 | robust evidence;a robust framework | The conclusion rests on **robust** evidence.(这个结论建立在有力证据上。) | | consensus | /kənˈsensəs/(≈克恩塞恩瑟斯) | n. | 共识 | reach a consensus on | There is no **consensus** on the cause.(关于原因尚无共识。) | | imply | /ɪmˈplaɪ/(≈伊姆普莱·短) | v. | 暗示、意味着 | imply that … | The figures **imply** that the trend has reversed.(数字意味着趋势已逆转。) | | note | /nəʊt/(≈诺特) | v. | 指出、注意到 | note that …;as noted above | The author **notes** that smaller firms adapted faster.(作者指出小公司适应得更快。) | argue 和 suggest 的差别要分清:argue 是作者主动站队,suggest 是证据推出来的结论。摘要里用错,会把「作者认为」写成「数据显示」,把观点说成事实。 ## 三、语法点:一句话只有一个主谓语块 **五条规则** 1. 先找「有限定动词」:有时态、能和主语搭配的动词。I want **to go** 里 want 是谓语,to go 不是;The man **standing** there 里没有谓语,standing 只是修饰。 2. 从句里的动词不是主句谓语。that、which、who、whether 之后的那一坨,整体当修饰看,先跳过。 3. 主语和谓语之间可以塞很长:插入语(两个逗号之间)、同位语、介词短语。找谓语时先把这些盖住。 4. 主干只保留「主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 / 表语」,定语、状语、同位语都可删,删完句子仍然成立。 5. 并列句有两个主谓语块,用 and / but / while 连接。看到两个都能独立成句的动词,先确认是不是并列,不要硬压成一个主干。 **正误对比** | 原句片段 | 误判主干 | 正确主干 | 说明 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | The measures it announced last week are unlikely to meet the target. | it announced last week | the measures … are unlikely to meet the target | it announced 是省略 that 的定语从句,修饰 measures | | Companies investing in training tend to recover faster. | investing | companies … tend to recover faster | investing 是现在分词作定语,不是谓语 | | What the survey does not show is whether workers left for housing costs. | the survey does not show | What the survey does not show is whether … | 主语是 What 引导的主语从句,is 才是主句谓语 | **三个常见错误** - 把 doing 当谓语,得出「公司在投资」这种没有主句的主干。判断方法:前面没有 be 动词,它就不是进行时。 - 把从句谓语当主句谓语。看到 which / that 就先把整块括起来,主干自然浮出来。 - 主干里带上了修饰语。写完主干后做一次减法:删掉形容词、介词短语、从句,如果句子还成立,说明你原来写长了。 ## 四、句型与范例:把拆开的句子重新装回去 这八句既是转述句式,也是长句的骨架模板。今天拆完的句子,多半能对上其中一种。 | 功能 | 句型 | 例句 | 中文 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 转述主张 | The author argues that … | The author argues that the tax has hurt small shops. | 作者主张这项税伤害了小商铺。 | | 归因 | X is attributed to Y. | The fall in sales is attributed to higher rents. | 销售下滑被归因于租金上涨。 | | 承认限制 | The argument acknowledges one constraint: … | The argument acknowledges one constraint: limited data. | 该论证承认一个限制:数据有限。 | | 让步 + 转折 | Although …, the study suggests that … | Although costs rose, the study suggests that output improved. | 尽管成本上升,研究仍表明产出改善了。 | | 插入补充 | The measure, which critics say …, is unlikely to … | The rule, which critics call rushed, is unlikely to last. | 这项被批评者称为草率的规则,恐怕难以长久。 | | 省略关系词 | The data (that) researchers collected show … | The data researchers collected show a clear pattern. | 研究者收集的数据显示出清晰规律。 | | 结论 | These findings imply that … | These findings imply that hours matter less than output. | 这些发现意味着工时不如产出重要。 | | 共识 | There is a growing consensus that … | There is a growing consensus that fees should be capped. | 越来越多人共识认为收费应设上限。 | 注意 attribute 的方向:把结果放前面,把原因放 to 后面。中文说「归因于」,英文顺序相反,这是本周最容易写反的一处。 ## 五、练习 **A 词汇与搭配(8 题)** 1. Analysts ______ the decline ______ weak demand.(attribute) 2. The report ______ that progress has been slower than expected.(acknowledge) 3. There is no ______ among economists on how to measure inflation.(consensus) 4. Time ______ forced the team to drop two questions from the survey.(constraint) 5. The conclusion is based on ______ evidence from four countries.(robust) 6. The figures ______ that the market is cooling.(imply) 7. 翻译:这项研究质疑了「加班能提高产出」的看法。→ 用 challenge 8. 翻译:作者指出,小公司适应得更快。→ 用 note **B 拆句(6 题)** 写出每句的主干,并指出划线部分修饰谁。 1. Although the government has pledged to cut emissions, the measures it announced last week, which critics say fall short of what scientists consider necessary, are unlikely to meet the 2030 target. 2. The report, published on Tuesday by a group of independent economists, argues that the tax, which was introduced in 2019, has done little to reduce inequality. 3. Companies that invest in training, particularly those in manufacturing, tend to recover faster from downturns than firms that cut costs. 4. What the survey does not show is whether the workers who left the city did so because of housing costs or because of remote work. 5. While the new rules are likely to raise costs for small firms, they may, over time, produce a more reliable supply chain. 6. The assumption underlying the forecast — that energy prices will stay flat — looks increasingly fragile. **C 输出(2 题)** 1. 给你选的文章做一张 10 行表:句号编号 / 主干(不超过 12 词)/ 主要修饰类型 / 修饰对象。主干判断要能对 8 句以上。 2. 用今天的两个结构各造 1 句,主题仍是你的文章:一句含非限制性定语从句(, which …),一句含「让步 + 转折」(Although …, …)。每句 18 词以上。 ## 六、参考答案 **A** 1. attribute … to(attribute A to B,to 不可换成 for) 2. acknowledges(主语单数,一般现在时;后接 that 从句) 3. consensus(no consensus on / among,介词固定) 4. constraints(time constraints 常用复数) 5. robust(修饰 evidence,表示结论站得住;strong 也对,但 robust 更贴学术语域) 6. imply(主语是 figures,用一般现在时;后接 that 从句) 7. The study **challenges** the view that longer hours raise output.(challenge 后直接接被质疑的观点) 8. The author **notes** that smaller firms adapted faster.(note that 后接完整从句) A 组如果错 2 题以上,问题多半不在词义,而在搭配。把错句抄进语块本,只在旁边写正确的那半句,不要抄整条释义——释义抄三遍也记不住,搭配写一遍就长在手上。 **B** 1. 主干:**the measures … are unlikely to meet the 2030 target.** 修饰:it announced last week 是省略 that 的定语从句修饰 measures;which critics say … 是非限制性定语从句补充 measures;Although 从句是让步状语。 2. 主干:**The report … argues that the tax … has done little to reduce inequality.** 修饰:published on Tuesday … 是过去分词短语修饰 report;which was introduced in 2019 修饰 tax。 3. 主干:**Companies … tend to recover faster from downturns than firms …** 修饰:that invest in training 修饰 companies;particularly those in manufacturing 是插入同位语;that cut costs 修饰 firms。 4. 主干:**What the survey does not show is whether …** 修饰:What 引导主语从句;whether 引导表语从句;who left the city 修饰 workers;because of … or because of … 是并列原因状语。 5. 主干:**they may … produce a more reliable supply chain.** 修饰:While 从句是让步状语,over time 是时间状语,插在情态动词和实义动词之间。 6. 主干:**The assumption … looks increasingly fragile.** 修饰:underlying the forecast 是现在分词短语后置修饰 assumption;that energy prices will stay flat 是同位语从句说明 assumption 的内容。 **C 评分要点** 主干超过 12 词通常说明没删干净;修饰类型只需写「定语从句 / 分词短语 / 插入语 / 同位语 / 状语从句」五种之一,不用写术语全称。自造句检查两件事:which 前有没有逗号(非限制性必须加),Although 从句后有没有主句(不能只有从句)。 ## 七、今日输出与自查 | 检查项 | 标准 | 完成 | | --- | --- | --- | | 句数 | 10 句,全部 20 词以上,其中至少 4 句来自主题句 | □ | | 主干 | 每句主干 ≤ 12 词,含明确主语和谓语 | □ | | 正确率 | 主干判断对 ≥ 8 句(自己核对后统计) | □ | | 修饰 | 每句至少标 1 处修饰并写明修饰对象 | □ | | 存档 | 存为 Day02_十句拆解.md,表格四列齐全,Day 6 直接拿来复盘 | □ | ## 八、明日预告 Day 3 换到词汇:把本周 8 个核心词逐个查透,每个词用文章语境造 1 句。今天拆句时见到的 attribute、constraint、robust、consensus、imply 会重点讲搭配,因为摘要里写错介词,比用错词更显眼。