# 英语中级 · 第 4 周 Day 1|读报告,找出被动句 > 系列:语种学习 / 英语 / 中级 · 每日学习|AI生成|2026-10-27|codebuddy **今天学什么** 今天不背新表,先练「看」:读完一份 500 词左右的项目报告,把所有被动句划出来,再逐句回答一个问题——作者为什么不用主动?是不知道谁做的、谁做的不重要,还是要客观、不想点名?这个判断比会变形重要得多。本周四要写汇报稿、周五要开口讲,被动句一定会反复出现。今天读完,你手里应该有 10 句被动句和 10 条一句话理由,明后天的改写练习直接用这批句子,不用另找材料。 ## 一、今日任务 | 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 复习热身 | 8 min | 默写第 3 周的 5 个协作词(coordinate / delegate / handover / blocker / take over),写不出的做记号;朗读上周写的 3 个定语从句 | 5 词默写 + 3 句朗读 | | 选材料与通读 | 7 min | 选一份 450—550 词的英文项目报告或进度更新(公司周报、教材 reading、公开年报节选都行),第一遍只读标题与每段首句,说出这份报告在讲什么 | 一句主旨 | | 划被动句 | 20 min | 第二遍逐段读,划出所有 be + 过去分词结构,包括 can be done、has been done、is being done 三种变体;一句里有两个被动就分别标 | 被动句清单(目标 10 句) | | 写判断理由 | 15 min | 每句问三个问题:施动者知道吗?重要吗?写出来会不会像指责?据此写一句理由,用「不知道 / 不重要 / 避免指责」三选一开头 | 10 句 + 10 条理由 | | 收尾整理 | 10 min | 挑 3 句改回主动语态,比较语气差别;把 8 个生词按「词 + 搭配 + 自己造的句子」记进语块本 | 3 组主被动对照 + 8 条语块 | ## 二、核心词汇与搭配 | 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句与翻译 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | milestone | /ˈmaɪlstəʊn/(≈麦尔斯托恩) | n. | 里程碑 | reach a milestone | We reached a key milestone last week. 上周我们达成了一个关键里程碑。 | | deliverable | /dɪˈlɪvərəbl/(≈迪利弗若布尔) | n. | 交付物 | final deliverables | The final deliverables are due on Friday. 最终交付物周五到期。 | | outcome | /ˈaʊtkʌm/(≈奥特卡姆·短) | n. | 结果 | the outcome of the review | The outcome of the review was positive. 评审的结果是正面的。 | | estimate | /ˈestɪmət/(≈诶斯提默特) | n. | 估算 | a rough estimate | Can you give me a rough estimate? 你能给我一个粗略的估算吗? | | estimate | /ˈestɪmeɪt/(≈诶斯提梅特) | v. | 估计 | estimate that | We estimate that testing will take two weeks. 我们估计测试需要两周。 | | risk | /rɪsk/(≈里斯克·短) | n. | 风险 | mitigate the risk | We need to mitigate the risk of a delay. 我们需要降低延期的风险。 | | propose | /prəˈpəʊz/(≈普若波兹·轻) | v. | 提议 | propose a solution | I propose a shorter pilot in May. 我提议五月做一次更短的试点。 | | submit | /səbˈmɪt/(≈瑟布米特) | v. | 提交 | submit a report | The report was submitted on Monday. 报告是周一提交的。 | | approve | /əˈpruːv/(≈厄普鲁夫) | v. | 批准 | approve a budget | The budget has not been approved yet. 预算还没有被批准。 | | on track | /ɒn træk/ | phr. | 按计划推进 | stay on track | The project is still on track for June. 项目仍按计划在六月完成。 | ## 三、语法/语篇/语音点 **被动不是「高级写法」,而是「换焦点」** 主动句把镜头对准做事的人,被动句把镜头对准被处理的事。要不要换,取决于你想让读者先看到谁。三条判断规则,按顺序问: 1. **施动者不知道、说不清**,只能用被动:My bike was stolen last night. 昨晚我的自行车被偷了——偷车的人是谁,我根本不知道。 2. **施动者不重要,读者关心的是事**:The report was submitted late. 报告交晚了——谁交的不重要,晚交才重要。工作汇报里大量被动属于这一类。 3. **需要客观,或不想点名指责**:A mistake was made in the invoice. 发票里出了个错——不写 who made it,是给同事留余地。这一条在跨部门邮件里非常实用。 4. **不必硬加 by**。by 后面只有在提供新信息时才留:The design was approved by the client.(客户是关键信息,留)/The meeting was held yesterday.(谁开的不重要,删)。 5. **只有及物动词能变被动**。happen、arrive、agree、depend 后面不带宾语,就没有被动形式。 读长报告时不必逐词分析,先找信号:be 动词的六种形态(am / is / are / was / were / been / being)后面跟过去分词,八成是被动。再把句子压缩成「什么 + 被怎么样」,如果压缩后意思完整、而且说不出执行者,这句就值得留。反过来,如果一句被动句你能立刻补出 by our team、by me,那它多半可以不写被动——这也是本周写汇报稿时最常删的一类句子。 正误对比三组: | 类型 | 错误 | 正确 | 原因 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 多余的 by | The meeting was held by us yesterday. | The meeting was held yesterday. | by us 没提供任何新信息 | | 不及物动词 | The accident was happened at nine. | The accident happened at nine. | happen 不带宾语,没有被动 | | 丢掉介词 | The plan was agreed by all teams. | All teams agreed to the plan. | agree 是不及物动词,接宾语要加 to / on | 常见错误还有三条,读报告时要能认出来: - **把「状态」当「动作」**。The office is closed 可能是「现在关着门」(形容词),也可能是「被人关掉了」(动作)。判断方法:能不能补 by someone、能不能加时间点。 - **整段都是被动,句子发虚**。一段里超过一半是被动,读者会觉得没人负责。改法:把关键动作还给具体的人或团队。 - **被动里丢了主语的一致性**。The reports was sent 这类错误,多出现在长句里,写完必须回头对一次单复数。 ## 四、句型与范例 下面 8 句可以直接搬进你的报告摘要,也能在周五的汇报里用。 1. The report was submitted on 12 October. 报告于 10 月 12 日提交。 2. A final decision has not been made yet. 最终决定还没有做出。 3. The delay was caused by a missing API key. 延期是由一个缺失的接口密钥造成的。 4. Two options were given to the client. 客户收到了两个方案。 5. It was agreed that the launch would move to May. 会上同意把上线时间改到五月。 6. The budget is being reviewed by finance. 预算正在由财务审核。 7. All deliverables must be checked before Friday. 所有交付物必须在周五前检查完。 8. No further changes will be made to the timeline. 时间表不会再做改动。 一段报告片段,四个被动句已加粗,先读一遍再回看你的划线是否一致。正式的进度报告通常按「结论在前、细节在后」排:先给状态,再给数据,最后给下一步,被动句多集中在数据与下一步这两块,因为那里关心的是「事情怎么样了」,不是「谁干的」: > The pilot **was launched** in three offices in July. Since then, about 400 users **have been trained**, and the first results **are being reviewed** by the operations team. Two issues **were reported** in the first week: slow login and missing data. Both are minor, and a fix is planned for next month. The project remains on track for the December rollout. 中文意思:试点七月在三个办公室启动;此后约四百名用户完成了培训,第一批结果正由运营团队评审;第一周报告了两个问题——登录慢和数据缺失,都不严重,修复计划排在下月;项目仍按计划在十二月推广。 注意最后一句 the December rollout is still expected to go ahead:expect 的被动后面跟不定式,是报告里表「预期」的固定说法,比 we expect 更客观。这类句子适合放在结尾,用来给读者一个稳定预期。 ## 五、练习 **A 词汇与翻译(8 题)** 用括号里的词翻译整句。 1. 我们上周达成了一个关键里程碑。(milestone) 2. 交付物必须在周五前提交。(deliverable / submit) 3. 评审的结果还没有公布。(outcome) 4. 我们估计测试还需要两周。(estimate) 5. 这个风险可以通过一次试点来降低。(mitigate) 6. 我提议把上线时间推到五月。(propose) 7. 预算还没有被批准。(approve,用被动) 8. 报告是周一交的,不是周二。(submit,用被动) **B 语法与改写(6 题)** 1. Someone stole my bike last night. → 改成被动,并说明为什么适合用被动。 2. We will hold the meeting on Friday. → 改成被动,判断 by us 要不要留。 3. They gave us two options. → 用两种双宾语被动各写一句。 4. The accident happened at nine. → 这句能变被动吗?为什么? 5. They have not approved the budget. → 改成被动。 6. Someone made a mistake in the invoice. → 改成不点名的被动句,并说明这样改的好处。 **C 输出(1 题)** 用你今天读的报告,写一段 100 词的英文摘要,要求:主旨一句、进展两点、问题一点;至少用 5 个被动句;不要抄原句,用你自己的话重组。 ## 六、参考答案 **A** 1. We reached a key milestone last week. 2. The deliverables must be submitted by Friday. 3. The outcome of the review has not been announced yet. 4. We estimate that testing will take two more weeks. 5. This risk can be mitigated with a short pilot. 6. I propose that we move the launch to May. 7. The budget has not been approved yet. 8. The report was submitted on Monday, not on Tuesday. 错题点:第 3、7 题容易漏掉 yet,被动句里 yet 常和否定完成时一起出现;第 6 题 propose 后接 that 从句时用原形 move,不要写 moves;第 5 题 with a short pilot 里的 with 表「用某种手段」,不要写成 by a short pilot。 **B** 1. My bike was stolen last night. 施动者不知道,主动句根本写不出来。 2. The meeting will be held on Friday. by us 删掉,读者默认就是「我们」。 3. We were given two options. / Two options were given to us. 第二种把 to us 放后面,强调「两个方案」。 4. 不能。happen 是不及物动词,没有宾语就没有被动。 5. The budget has not been approved. 6. A mistake was made in the invoice. 不点名,避免让读邮件的人当场难堪,同时把重点放在「要改」。 **C 参考范文(约 105 词)** > The pilot was launched in three offices in July. About 400 users have been trained, and the first results are being reviewed by the operations team. Two issues were reported in week one: slow login and missing data. Both were caused by an old server, and a fix has been scheduled for next month. No major risk was identified, and the December rollout is still expected to go ahead. A full report will be shared with all teams before the end of October. 评分要点:被动 ≥ 5 处且形式正确;主旨句在第一句;进展与问题分开写;不出现 The report says 这类空话。 ## 七、今日输出与自查 | 检查项 | 标准 | 打勾 | | --- | --- | --- | | 被动句清单 | 10 句,含至少 1 句情态被动、1 句完成被动 | | | 判断理由 | 10 条,每条写清「不知道 / 不重要 / 避免指责」中的哪一类 | | | 摘要 | 文件名 Day01_summary.md,100—120 词,被动 ≥ 5 处 | | | 语块本 | 8 条,每条含搭配 + 自己造的句子 | | | 正确率 | 练习 A + B 共 14 题,对 ≥ 12 题 | | ## 八、明日预告 Day 2 把今天划出来的句子拿去改写:15 句主动变被动、被动变主动,再加上名词性从句 10 题。今天写不出理由的句子,明天会变成错题,所以理由别糊弄。