# 英语中级 · 第 3 周 Day 1｜协作短文中的六个从句

> 系列：语种学习 / 英语 / 中级 · 每日学习｜AI生成｜2026-10-27｜codebuddy

**今天学什么**

今天不急着造句，先把「读得懂」变成「看得出」。材料是一篇 400 词的协作短文，讲一次没做好准备的客户交接。你的任务是从中划出 6 个定语从句，并逐句判断它是限制性还是非限制性。这一步决定后六天能不能自己造从句：看不出类型，就写不对逗号，Day 2 合并时也会顺手把 that 塞进非限制性从句里。学完你会拿到一张 6 行清单，每行写清先行词、关系词、类型，以及去掉从句后主句还成不成立。这张清单是本周所有产出的底稿。

## 一、今日任务

| 环节 | 时长 | 具体动作 | 产出 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 预热 | 8 min | 读第三节的两栏对比，用中文各说一句「什么时候用」，不背公式 | 两句口述笔记 |
| 通读 | 12 min | 不查词读一遍短文，只回答一个问题：这次交接到底哪里出了问题 | 一句主旨 |
| 划句 | 20 min | 逐段找 6 个定语从句，用不同符号标出先行词和关系词 | 6 处标记 |
| 整理 | 12 min | 填句子清单表：先行词 / 关系词 / 类型 / 去掉后是否成句 | 句子清单 |
| 朗读复述 | 8 min | 6 个从句各朗读 2 遍，再用 3 句话复述短文 | 60 秒口头 |

合计 60 分钟。划句时不要一边查词一边划，先把整段读完再回头找，否则注意力会碎在生词上。

## 二、核心词汇与搭配

| 词 | 音标 | 词性 | 释义 | 高频搭配 | 例句 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| coordinate | /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/（≈科奥迪内特） | v. | 协调 | coordinate with sb on sth | I'll coordinate with the design team on the launch date. 我会和设计团队协调上线日期。 |
| delegate | /ˈdelɪɡeɪt/（≈戴利诶特） | v. | 分派、授权 | delegate sth to sb | She delegated the client calls to her assistant. 她把客户电话分派给了助理。 |
| handover | /ˈhændəʊvə(r)/（≈汉多弗尔） | n. | 交接 | a smooth handover；do the handover on Friday | The handover took two days longer than planned. 交接比计划多花了两天。 |
| update | /ˈʌpdeɪt/（≈阿普戴特·短） | n. | 进展汇报 | give sb an update；a quick update on sth | Can you give me a quick update on the API issue? 你能就接口问题给我一个简短进展吗？ |
| resource | /rɪˈsɔːs/（≈里索斯） | n. | 资源 | allocate resources；be short of resources | We don't have the resources to test two versions. 我们没有资源测试两个版本。 |
| blocker | /ˈblɒkə(r)/（≈布洛克尔） | n. | 阻塞项 | the main blocker；remove a blocker | The main blocker is the missing API key. 主要阻塞项是缺失的接口密钥。 |
| align | /əˈlaɪn/（≈厄莱恩·轻） | v. | 对齐、达成一致 | align with sb on sth | We need to align with finance on the budget. 我们需要和财务就预算达成一致。 |
| take over | /teɪk ˈəʊvə(r)/ | phr. v. | 接手 | take over from sb；take over the account | She'll take over from Tom next month. 她下个月从汤姆手里接手。 |

八个词里有五个是动词或动词短语，用法要连着介词一起记：coordinate **with**、delegate **to**、align **with**、take over **from**。只记中文意思，开口时介词一定丢。

## 三、语法点：限制性从句与非限制性从句

先看两句话的差别：

- The report **that you sent on Monday** is missing page 3.
- The report, **which you sent on Monday**, is missing page 3.

两句话的单词几乎一样，信息重心却不同。第一句在回答「哪一份报告」，第二句已经默认你知道是哪份，只是顺带提一句你周一发过。逗号不是语气符号，它标记的是「这个从句是不是必需」。

**五条规则**

1. **逗号决定类型**。没有逗号是限制性，有逗号是非限制性。朗读时，非限制性从句前后各有一个短停顿，限制性从句直接连读。
2. **看删掉之后还成不成立**。删掉限制性从句，剩下的名词指向不明（The report is missing page 3 说的是哪份？）；删掉非限制性从句，主句意思完整。
3. **非限制性不能用 that**。指人用 who 或 whom，指物用 which，表所属用 whose。这一条没有例外。
4. **先行词本身已经唯一，就用非限制性**。my manager、the CEO、this report、Shanghai 这类不需要再限定的名词，后面跟的从句只能是补充信息。
5. **翻译时区别对待**。限制性常译成「……的」放在名词前；非限制性常拆成独立一句，用「这」「该」承接。

**正误对比**

| 错误 | 正确 | 问题在哪 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The report, that you sent on Monday, is missing page 3. | The report **that** you sent on Monday is missing page 3. | 非限制性不能用 that；这句其实是限制性，不该加逗号 |
| My manager who is based in Shanghai will call you. | My manager, **who** is based in Shanghai, will call you. | 只有一位经理，从句是补充信息，必须加逗号 |
| The client who contract expired has renewed. | The client **whose** contract expired has renewed. | 所属关系用 whose，不能把 who 和 his 硬拼在一起 |

**三个常见错误**

- **见逗号就当强调**。逗号不表示「重要」，只表示「非必需」。写之前先问：删掉这句，对方还知道我说的是哪一个吗？
- **把宾语从句当定语从句**。She asked **why the renewals were late** 里，why 从句是 asked 的宾语，前面没有名词供它修饰。判断标准只有一个：从句前面紧挨着的是一个名词，且这个名词在从句里充当成分。
- **一个名词后面挂两个从句**。The report which I sent which was late arrived today 这种句子在口语里能听到，写出来必须拆成两句，或者把第二个改成并列成分。

## 四、句型与范例

下面是短文里可以直接拿去复用的 8 个句子，第 5、6 句特意留了非限制性结构，Day 5 写状态更新时会再用一次。

1. The manager **who had run the account for three years** left on a Friday afternoon.
   负责这个客户三年的经理在周五下午离职了。
2. Her replacement, **who joined us from another department**, had two days to learn everything.
   她的接任者来自另一个部门，只有两天时间熟悉全部工作。
3. We had a call **at which we listed every open item**.
   我们开了一次电话会，在会上列出了所有未结事项。
4. Three clients **whose contracts expire in December** need a personal call.
   三位合同十二月到期的客户需要逐一电话沟通。
5. The main blocker, **which nobody had written down**, was an API key.
   主要阻塞项是一把接口密钥，而没有人把它写下来。
6. The notes were short and full of abbreviations.
   记录很短，而且全是缩写。
7. **What made the handover difficult** was the missing context.
   让交接变难的并不是工作量，而是缺失的背景信息。
8. Good handovers transfer stories, not just spreadsheets.
   好的交接传递的是事情的来龙去脉，不只是表格。

**阅读材料（约 400 词）**

**The Handover Nobody Planned**

When a project changes hands, most of the risk sits in the week before the new owner takes over. Last month our team went through a handover that nobody had planned.

The manager who had run the account for three years left on a Friday afternoon. She was not replaced until the following Monday. Her replacement, who joined us from another department, had two days to learn everything. On Monday morning we had a call at which we listed every open item. The list was longer than anyone expected: three clients whose contracts expire in December, two reports still in draft, and a budget review with no clear owner. Two people had already booked leave for the first week of December.

The new manager asked good questions. She wanted to know why the December renewals were late, who had approved the last discount, and what the client had actually promised. Nobody could answer the third question. The notes were short and full of abbreviations, and half of them referred to meetings that no one could find.

The main blocker, which nobody had written down, was an API key. Only the old manager could renew it, and she was already working somewhere else. The client noticed the delay before we did, and that email was not pleasant. We lost four days before we found a workaround.

What made the handover difficult was not the volume of work but the missing context. A list of tasks tells you what to do; it does not tell you why the client is nervous or how much freedom you have. A spreadsheet can be complete and still useless. Good handovers transfer stories, not just spreadsheets.

Since then we have changed our process. Every departing owner now writes a one-page brief: three key decisions, two live risks, and the name of the person to call first. It takes about forty minutes to write and saves a week of guessing. We also book a 30-minute call on day one and a second one on day ten. The second call matters more, because the real questions usually appear in week two.

If you are taking over an account this month, start with the questions, not the files. Ask what has already gone wrong. Ask who will be blamed if it goes wrong again. The answers will tell you more about the project than any document.

## 五、练习

**A 词汇与翻译（8 题）**

1. 用 coordinate 造句：下周我要和市场部协调发布时间。
2. 填空：She ______ (delegate) the testing to the new intern last week.
3. 翻译：交接定在周五下午。
4. 翻译：我们目前最大的阻塞项是服务器。
5. 完成句子：Before we start, we need to ______ the scope with the client.
6. 补介词：Tom will take over ______ me next month.
7. 选词填空（blocker / resource）：We are short of ______, so the ______ is still open.
8. 翻译：能给我一个两分钟的最新进展吗？

**B 语法与改写（6 题）**

1. 判断类型并说明理由：The report which you sent on Monday is missing page 3.
2. 加逗号并说明原因：My colleague who works in Berlin is visiting next week.（公司只有一位同事在柏林）
3. 把下面这句改写成非限制性从句，意思随之改变，请说明变了什么：The client whose contract expired has renewed.
4. 改错：This is the city where I visited last year.
5. 改错：I have a friend who his father is a doctor.
6. 在短文第三段找出一处不是定语从句的 wh- 从句，说明它充当什么成分。

**C 输出（2 题）**

1. 书面：用 3 个定语从句（至少 1 个非限制性）写 80—100 词，介绍一次你经历过或听说过的交接，写清「交接了什么、漏了什么、后来怎么补」。
2. 口头：60 秒复述短文，必须用上 whose 和 at which 各一次。

## 六、参考答案

**A 组**

1. I'll coordinate with the marketing team on the launch date next week. 注意 coordinate 后面跟 with，不是 coordinate the marketing team。
2. delegated。last week 是明确过去时间，只能用一般过去。
3. The handover is on Friday afternoon. 用一般现在时表安排，比 will be 更自然。
4. Our main blocker at the moment is the server. blocker 是可数名词，单数要带冠词。
5. align。align on the scope 是固定搭配，with the client 说明和谁对齐。
6. from。take over from sb 表示从某人手里接手，不是 take over of。
7. resources；blocker。be short of 后面接不可数或复数名词，第二空指「那个阻塞项」，用单数。
8. Can you give me a quick two-minute update? give sb an update 是固定说法，quick 放在 update 前。

**B 组**

1. 限制性。没有逗号，且去掉从句后「那份报告」指向不明。这是本周最基础的一条判断线。
2. My colleague, who works in Berlin, is visiting next week. 先行词已经唯一（只有一位），从句只能补充信息，加逗号后不能用 that。
3. The client, whose contract expired, has renewed. 去掉从句后主句仍然完整，语气上把「合同到期」降为背景信息，重点落在续约这件事上。
4. This is the city I visited last year. where 在从句里只能作地点状语，不能作 visited 的宾语；要保留 where 就得改成 the city where I worked last year。
5. I have a friend whose father is a doctor. whose 本身就含「他的」，不能再补 his。
6. She wanted to know why the December renewals were late 中的 why 从句是 know 的宾语（宾语从句），前面没有名词先行词；同一句里的 who had approved… 和 what the client had promised 也是并列的宾语从句。

**C 组**

1. 参考范文（93 词）：Last spring I took over a small training project from a colleague who left for another company. The handover, which lasted about an hour, covered the schedule and the budget but not the client's history. Two weeks later I discovered an unpaid invoice, which nobody had mentioned. I called the client, explained the situation, and we agreed on a new payment date. Since then I always ask for three things in a handover: open invoices, pending decisions, and the name of the person who really makes the decisions. 自查时数一数：是否有 3 个从句、是否有 1 个带逗号、非限制性是否误用了 that。
2. 评分要点：主旨说清「交接仓促导致关键信息缺失」；6 个从句里至少正确复述 4 个；whose 与 at which 各出现一次且位置正确；停顿落在非限制性从句两侧。

## 七、今日输出与自查

| 检查项 | 达标线 | 怎么查 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 句子清单 | 6 行齐全，含先行词、关系词、类型、删后是否成句 | 与第六节 B1 对照 |
| 类型判断 | 6 句中至少 5 句判断正确 | 遮住答案重做一遍 |
| 口头说明 | 不看笔记说出限制性与非限制性两条差别 | 录音 30 秒回听 |
| 短文 | 80—100 词，含 3 个从句、至少 1 个非限制性 | 逐句数关系词 |
| 复述 | 60 秒，用出 whose 与 at which | 回听打勾 |

产出文件：`Day01_句子清单.md` 与 `Day01_交接短文.md`（80—100 词），口头部分录 60 秒。今天不追求流利，只追求「能指出哪一句是哪种从句」，判断错了就回到第三节的两栏对比重看一遍。

## 八、明日预告

Day 2 做 20 句合并：给两个短句，合成一个含定语从句的长句。今天练的是「认出来」，明天练的是「造出来」，难度会明显上升——你要同时决定用哪个关系词、要不要加逗号、从句里的代词要不要删。建议今晚把今天的 6 行清单再看一遍，明天合并时照着这 6 种结构套。